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fitness of the young men may be easily ascertained. Similar preparatory colleges, with some shght differ- ences, have been introduced into almost every prov- ince. After a novitiate of one year, the young mem- bers pass to the higher course of studies. This em- braces two years' pliilosophy, two years' dogmatic, and two years' moral theology, with natural philos- ophy, church history. Sacred Scripture, canon law, pastoral theology, and homiletics. After the com- pletion of their studies the young priests make what is called the "second novitiate" of six months, during which time they are trained theoretically and prac- tically in the special work of the missions.

Although the limited number of subjects and the manifold labours of the ministry do not permit the members of the congregation to make a specialty of it, still their literary work is not inconsiderable. Among Redemptorist authors the following may be mentioned: Italy: Januar. Sarnelli, Bl. Panzutti, Anton. Tannoia; France: Achilles Desurmont, Augus- tine Berthe, Leonard Gaudc; England : Thos. Livius, Thos. E. Bridgett, Cyril Ryder, Robert A. Coffin; Austria: Aug. Rosier, Karl Dilgskron, Gerard Diessel, Georg Freund, Franz Kayker; Bohemia: Emmanuel Kovar, Franc. Blatak, Franc. Sal. Blazek, Aloys. Polak, Theoph. Mateju, Wenc. Melichar; Germany : Michael Benger, Michael Haringer, Andreas Hugues; Belgium: Victor Cardinal Deschamps, Henri Saintrain, Ernest Dubois, Francis X. Godts; Holland: J. Aertnys, Frans Ter Haar, Willem van Rossum, Joh. L. Jansen, Aloys. Walter; Spain and South .America: Tomas Ramos, Ramon Serabia; North America: Antony Konings, Joseph Putzer, Michael Mijller, Ferreol Girardev, Peter Geiermann.

CtmmER, History of Religious Orders (New York, 1894) ; Heimbucher, Die Orden und Kongregationen der katholischen Kirche (Paderborn, 1908), s. v. Redemptoristen; Wuest, Annates Provinciw American's (Ilchester, 1888); History of the Redemptor- ists at Annapolis, Md. (Ilchester, 1904); Beck, Die Redemptor- isten in Pittsburg (Pittsburg, 1889); A.vo.v, Kurzer Ueberblick, appendix to Gisler's St. Alphonsus von Liguori (Einsiedein, 1887): various lives of Father Hofbauer; various lives of St. Alphonsus, especially those of Capecelatro, Dilgskbon, and Berthe; various lives of Fr. Passerat and Fr. Mauron; Servorum Dei C.SS.R. Album (Rome, 1903) ; Anon.. Fifty Years at Limerick (1903); Madeh, Die Kongregation des Allerheiligsten Erlosers in Oesterreich (Vienna, 1887) ; Anon., Lebensbilder verstorbener Re- demptoristen in Nieder-Deutschlarid (Diilmen, 1896); Ratte, />"r hi. Alphonsus und der Redemptoristen-Orden (Luxemburg. 1887): Zapf, Die Redemptoristen (Erlangen. 1894); Ascetical Works of St. Alphonsus (centenary ed.), XVII, miscellany,

Joseph Wuest.

Redford, Sebastian, b. 27 April, 1701; d. 2 Januar}', 1763. Educated at St. Omer, Watten, and Liege, he became a Jesuit and hved as chaplain with the Wrights of Kelvedon, then with the Herberts of Powis (1733-48). Redford was much trusted by the second Marquess of Powis (d. 174.5), but the third was unfriendly. When he died (1748), a Protestant suc- ceeded, the chaplaincy lapsed, and Redford had, as he says, "to rue the ruin" of his former flock. He was next stationed at Croxteth, the seat of Lord Molineux, where he pubhshed "An important Inquiry; or the Nature of Church Reformation fully considered" (17.51). The book was a success, but the excise officers seized and destroyed 400 copies, the last half of the edition. A second and enlarged edition ap- peared in 17.58. Redford's extant letters (preserved by the English Jesuits) show a strong and attractive personality, and throw some Ught on the period when most priests were chaplains in Catholic families.

Foley, Records of the English Promnce, S. J.. VII (1882), 640.

J. H. Pollen.

Redi, Francesco, Italian poet, b. at Arezzo, 18 Februar>-, l(i2(j; d. at Pisa 1 March, 1698. After taking his degree in medicine, he entered the service of the Colonna family at Rome as a tutor, and held the iMwition five years. In 1654 he went to Florence, where he acted as physician to the Grand dukes Ferdinand II and Cosimo III. He was constantly

Francesco Redi

engaged in experiments intended to improve the practice of medicine and surgery, and yet found leisure for much hterarj' work. He was an active member of several of the academies of the time, and, as an associate of the Crusca, aided in preparing its important Vocabolario. He taught in the Studio at Florence in 1666, as lellore publico di toscana and was one of the first members of the Arcadia. His writings include a number of scien- tific documents, e. g. "Osserva- zioni intorno alle vipere", "Esperi- enze intorno alia generazione degl' iasetti", "Con- sulti medici", etc. Other writings are his "Lettere"; the dithyrambs, "Bacco in Tos- cana" and "Arianna Inferma", besides a number of lyrics, some of which are Petrarchian and others burlesque in their tone; and an unedited Vocabo- lario arelino. The "Bacco in To.scana" is the best example of the dithyramb in Italian, and, although deformed occasionally by obscure imagery and dic- tion, it remains one of the best works of the seven- teenth century.

Opere (Venice, 1712); Opusculi di storia naturale (Florence, 1858-63) ; Bacco in Toscana, with the author's notes (Florence, 1685); Imbert, II Bacco in Toscana (Citti di Castello, 1890); Idem, Francesco Redi in Nuova Antologia (October, 1895).

J. D. M. Ford.

Reding, Augustine, Prince-Abbot of Einsiedein and theological writer, b. at Lichtensteig, Switzer- land, 10 August, 1625; d. at Einsiedein, 13 March, 1692. After completing the classics at the Bene- dictine College of Einsiedein he there joined the Order of St. Benedict, 26 December, 1641, taught philos- ophy at the early age of twenty-four, was ordained priest and appointed master of novices in 1649, ob- tained the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Theol- ogy at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau in 1654, was professor of theology at the Benedictine Uni- versity of Salzburg from 1654 to 1648, became dean (prior) at Einsiedein in 1658, and was finally elected Prince-Abbot of Einsiedein on 17 July, 1670. At Einsiedein he built the still existing choir, the con- fession-church, and St. Magdalene's chapel (1674-84). In 1675 his monastery took charge of the college at Bellinzona, which was conducted by the monks of Einsiedein until its suppression in 18.52. He watched carefully over the monastic discipline and insisted on a thorough intellectual training of his monks. During his time the conventuals of Einsiedein in- creased from 53 to 100, many of whom gained renown as professors at various institutions of learning. As a temporal ruler he was beloved by his people and revered as a father by the poor. His numerous theo- logical writings give evidence of great learning, though his style is dry and at times obscure. His chief work is "Theologia scholastica universa" (13 vols., Einsie- dein, 1687), based on the "Summa" of St. Thomas. Other important works are: "Veritas inextincta concilii Tridentini" (5 vols., ib., 1677-84), a defence of the Council of Trent against Heidegger; "Vindex veritatis centuriae prima; annalium ecclesiasticorum Baronii" (ib., 1680), a justification of the first century of the " Annales" of Baronius; "(Ecumenical cathedras apostolicte authoritas" (ib., 1669), a defence of papal supremacy against the Galilean Liberties; and other works of less importance.