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 RAYMOND

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RAYMOND

Raymond d'Aouilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Jeruaalem in HisLoricns Occidenlaux des Croisades, III, 235-309; Vaissette, Hi&toire du Languedoc, II. Ill; Chalandon, Essai sar le Tigne d'Alexis Comnine (Paris. 1900). 186-88, 205- 12. 222-2S; Br^hier. L'Eglise el VOrient. Les Croisades (Pari3. 1911).

Louis Brehier.

Raymond VI, Count OF Toulouse, b. 1156; d. 1222; succeeded his father, Raymond V, in 119.5. He was a debauched and sceptical prince, who successively put away three wives, taking as his fourth Jeanne, sister of Richard Coeur de Lion. Loaded with all the benefits of the Church, he showed the greatest benev- olence to the heretical Cathares or Albigenses, whom his father had persecuted, refused to molest them, even allowing them to preach before him, and perhaps allied himself with their sect. His court was dissolute, and he took no notice of the reproof of the legate of Innocent III, Pierre de Castelnau, who finally excom- municated him in 1207. But shortly after, an equerry of the count having treasonably killed de Castelnau, Raymond was immediately deposed by the pope. Raymond, frightened into submission, expelled the heretics from his dominions, and on IS June, 1209, in the presence of the pontifical legate.did public penance before the Church of St-Gilles. When the crusaders, assembled in the north of France, invaded Languedoc, Raymond took part in the Crusade and assisted at the sieges of Bcziers and Carcassone in 1209. Return- ing to Toulouse, Raymond tried to elude his obliga- tions and was excommunicated by the Council of Avignon. He then went to Rome to clear himself of the murder of de Castelnau, and was received by Innocent III, but on his return found his estates entirely overrun by Simon de Montfort. In 1212 he held only Toulouse and Montauban. His brother-in- law, Peter, King of Aragon, came to his rescue, but was killed at the battle of Murat in 1213. In 1215 Simon de Montfort besieged Toulouse and Narbonne. Instead of organizing resistance, Raymond had nego- tiated with the pontifical legates, who made him the most humiliating propositions. Deprived of his estates, he retired to England, later appearing at the Lateran Council (1215), where he sought to interest Innocent III in his favour. The pope, however, ceded the estates of Raymond to Simon de Montfort, re- serving for his son only the Marquessates of Provence and Beaucaire. An exile in Aragon, Raymond VI reassembled his troops, and took Toulouse (7 Novem- ber, 1217), later defending it successfully against Simon de Montfort, who was killed 25 June, 1218. Before his death Raymond VI had wrested from Amaury de Montfort nearly all the conquests of his father.

Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, son of Raymond VI, b. at Beaucaire, 1197; d. at Milhaud, 1249; had espoused a sister of the King of Aragon, and had assisted his father in the reconquest of his estates. In January, 1224, Amaury de Montfort, reduced to the sovereignty of Narbonne, concluded a treaty with him, but ceded his rights in the south to Louis VIII of France. In vain Raymond VII of- fered his obeisance to the assembly of Bourges in 1226; a new Crusade was decided upon. Louis VIII seized .Vvignon and occupied Languedoc with- out resistance, but on his return to the north he died 8 Nov., 122tj, at Montpensier. Raymond VII, prof- iting by the feebleness of Blanche of Castile, took several places from Imbert de Beaujeu, seneschal of the King of France. This success was of short dura- tion; in 1228 new bands of crusaders began to plunder the country of Toulouse, and soon Raymond lost nearly all his strongholds. He then asked peace from Blanche of Castile. After the conference of Meaux, Raymond returned to Paris, and on 12 April, 1229, in the Church of Notre Dame, did public penance and was released from his excommunication. He pledged

himself to demolish the walls of Toulouse, and to give his daughter Jeanne in marriage to Alphonse of Poitiers, brother of King Louis IX. Returning to Toulouse, Raymond VII kept his promises and ac- cepted the establishment of the Inquisition. In 1234 he went to Rome, and received from the pope the restitution of the Marquessate of Provence. In spite of his zeal in suppressing heresy, he was several times accused of favouring the massacre of the in- quisitors. He allied himself with the Emperor P'rederick II against the pope, then TN-ith the King of England, Henry III, against Louis IX. The victory of the latter at Taillebourg caused him to renew his oath of fealty. In 1247, as he was starting for Pales- tine with St. Louis, he died, leaving his estates to his daughter Jeanne.

Lavisse, Histoire de France, III. 1, pp. 259, 268; Molinier. Les Sources de fHisloire de France, II (Paris, 1906). nos. 2444, 2455, 2476; Vaissette, Histoire du Languedoc, VI (Paris, 1749); Petit Dutailus, £(ude sur le rigne de Louis VIII (Paris. 1894); Berger, Histoire de Blanche de Castile (Paris. 1895) ; Guggenberger, .4 general history of the Christian Era, I (2nd revised ed., St. Louis, 1903). §548.

Louis Br£hier.

Raymond Lully (Ramon Lull), "Doctor lUumi- natus", philosopher, poet, and theologian, b. at Palma in Majorca, between 1232 and 1236; d. at Tunis, 29 June, 1315. Probably a courtier at the court of King James of Aragon until thirty years of age, he then became a hermit and afterwards a tertiary of the Order of St. Francis. From that time he seemed to be inspired with extraordinarj' zeal for the conversion of the Mohammedan world. To this end he advo- cated the study of Oriental languages and the refu- tation of Arabian philosophy, especially that of Averroes. He founded a school for the members of his community in Majorca, where special attention was given to Arabic and Chaldean. Later he taught in Paris. About 1291 he went to Tunis, preached to the Saracens, disputed with them in philosophy, and after another brief sojourn in Paris, returned to the East as a missionary. After undergoing many hard- ships and privations he returned to Europe in 1311 for the purpose of laj-ing before the Council of Vienna his plans for the conversion of the Moors. Again in 1315 he set out for Tunis, where he was stoned to death by the Saracens.

Raymond's literary activity was inspired by the same purpose as his missionary and educational ef- forts. In the numerous writings (about 300) which came from his facile pen, in Catalonian as well as in Latin, he strove to show the errors of Averroism and to expound Christian theology in such a manner that the Saracens themselves could not fail to see the truth. With the same purpose in view, he invented a me- chanical contrivance, a logical machine, in which the subjects and predicates of theological propositions were arranged in circles, squares, triangles, and other geometrical figures, so that by moving a lever, turn- ing a crank, or causing a wheel to revolve, the prop- ositions would arrange themselves in the affirma- tive or negative and thus prove themselves to be true. This de\dce he called the Ars Getieralis Ultima or the Ars Magna, and to the description and explanation of it he devoted his most important works. Underlying this scheme was a theoretical philosophy, or rather a theosophv, for the essential element in Raymond's method w'as the identification of theology with philosophy. The scholastics of the thirteenth century maint.ained that, while the two sciences agree, BO that what is true in philosophy cannot be false in theology, or vice versa, they are, nevertheless, two distinct" sciences, differing especially in that theology makes use of revelation as a source, while philosophy relies on reason alone.

The Arabians had completely separated them by maintaining the twofold standard of truth, according to which what is false in philosophy may be true in