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RAVIGNAN

reasons. An awakening of Christian life, such as had talien place on former occasions in Italy, was effected at this time at Ravenna. The pious priest Gerolamo Maluselli established the congregation of secular priests of the Buon Gesd (1-531); while there ap- peared a lay oratory, and the Blessed Gentile, widow, and Margherita de' MoUi shone for their virtues. Cardinal Guilio della Rovere (1.565-78) acquired great merit by the ecclesiastical reforms he effected; he held many provincial and diocesan synods, and built the seminary. His work was continued by Cardinal Cristoforo Boncampagni (1578-1603), Pietro Aldobrandini (1604-21), and Luigi Capponi (1621- 1645), of whom the latter caused the paintings of the cathedral to be executed. Maffeo Farsetti (1727-41) restored the cathedral. In the revolutionary fury that broke out at Ravenna, Archbishop Antonio Codronchi displayed great firmness and prudence (1785-1826). Cardinal Enrico Orfei (1860-70) was for two years prevented by the new Government from taking possession of his see.

At the present time the suffragans of Ravenna are Bertinoro, Cesena, Forli, R imin i, and Sarsina; Cervia was united to Ravenna in 1909. The eccle- siastical provinces of Bologna (1585), and Ferrara (1735), as well as Modena, until 1106 belonged to Ravenna. The archdiocese has 64 parishes, with 108,051 inhabitants, and 154 secular priests; 3 reli- gious houses for men, with 11 priests, and 10 religious houses for women; 1 educational institution for boys, under the Salesians, and 6 for girls.

.\gnellus, Liber PonUficalis EccL Ratenrialis. in Migne, P. L., CVI; Mon. Germ. Hist.: Script, rer. Langobard.; Fabri, Le sagre memorie di Ravenna (2 vols., Venice, 1664); Tarl-^zzi, Memorie sacre di Ravenna (Ravenna, 1S52); Amadesi, In antis- titum Tavennatum chronotaxin (3 vols., Faenza, 1783); Cappel- LETTi, Le Chiese d' Italia, II; Luther, Rom und Ravenna, bis zum 8. Jahrktindert (1S90); Berti. Ravenna nei primi tre secoli della sua fondazione (Ravenna, 1877); Diehl, Ravenna (Paris. 1903); Etude sur V administration Byzantine dans I'Exarchat dc Ravenne (Paris. 1888); Ricci. Ravenna in Italia Artistica (7th ed.. Ber- gamo, 1909) ; DiJTSCHKE, Ravennatische Studien (Leipzig. 1909) ; Goetz. Ravenna in Beruhmte Kunststatten, n. 10 (Leipzig, 1901); Richter. Die Mosaiken von Ravenna (1878); Kurth, Die Wand- mosaiken von Ravenna (1902); Goldmann, Die ravennatischen Sarkophage (1906); G-atet, L'art byzaniine d'apres les monuments de Vltalie, III (Ravenna and Paris. 1907); Cardoni, Ravenna antica (Faenza. 1879) ; Pasolixi. Gli slatuli di Ravenna (Florence, 1868); F.lNTCZA. Storia di Ravenna (6 vols., Venice. 1801-04); Zattoni. II vatore storico della Passione di s. Apollinare in Riv. star. crit. delle scienze teologiche (1905, 1906).

U. Benigni.

Ravesteyn, Jossb, b. about 1506, at Tielt, a small town in Flanders, hence often called TiLET.-iNUS (JoD.\cus). He studied philosophy at the College du Lys, in the University of Louvain, and in 1525 grad- uated fourth. He was appointed to teach philoso- phy in the same college, where he continued his course of theology, under the professors, Ruard Tapper and Jean Leonard!, surnamed Hasselius. From 1540 to 1553 he was president of the College of Houterle, and associated with the Abbe de Ste- Gertrude as guardian of the privileges of the univer- sity. In 1546 he became ordinary' professor in the theological faculty and canon of the first rank in the collegiate chapter of St-Pierre. He was then only a licentiate in theology, but received the doctorate on 5 October following. On the recommendation of Charles Quint he was sent to the Council of Trent (1551) and took an active part in the preparatory work of Sessions XIII-XVI. Arrived at Trent in Sept., 1551, with his four colleagues from the Uni- versity of Louvain, he presented in November a memorandum "super articulis de sacrament is poen- itentise et extremse unctionis". Later he drew up another on the two articles concerning the Mass. Called by Ferdinand I to the Conference of Worms in 1557, he accompanied Francois Sonnius and Martin Rythovius and there met three other theologians from the Low Countries: Jean Delphinus, Barth^lemy La- tomuB, and P. Canisius. About 1558 he was made

provost of Walcourt, in Namur. In 1561, on the resumpt ion of the work of the general council, he was proposed as a delegate, but failing health forced him to decline the honour. In 1559 he succeeded Ruard Tappert as director of the nuns in the hospital at Louvain, an office he fUled till his death, 1570. Through personal merit Ravestejii w.as selected as rector of the university in 1545 and 1550. He was a pious and learned priest, zealous in teaching purity of doctrine. Through his efforts the teachings of the innovator Baius were censured by the Spanish Uni- versities of Salamanca and Alcald, by the Faculty of Paris in 1560, and by Pius V in his Bull "Ex omnibus afflictionibus", 1 Oct., 1567.

Ravesteyn's works are: "Epistola Ven. Patri Laurentio Villa vincentio ", against Baianism; "De- monstratio religionis christianae ex verbo Dei " ; " Con- fessionis, sive doctrinae, qu;E nuper edita est a minis- tria qui in ecclesiam Antverpiensem irrepserunt et Augustana; confessioni se assentiri profitentur suc- cincta confutatio"; "Apologia Catholica; confuta- tionis profanae illius et pestilentis confessionis, quam Antverpiensem appellant pseudoministri quidam, contra inanes cavillationes Matthaei Flacci Illyrici"; "De Concordia gratiae et Uberi arbitrii" ; "Epistolae tres Michaeli de Bay"; "Apologia seu defensio decretorum concilii Tridentini de sacramentis ad- versus censuras et examen Martini Kemnitii" in two parts. In this "Apology", which is his chief work, the author comments on, and brilliantly de- fends, the dogmatic decrees of Sessions IV- VI, the doctrine concerning the Canon of the Scriptures, original sin and justification, the sacraments in general, baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist as a sacrament and as a sacrifice. He died before writing a third part, in which he intended to treat of the other sacraments.

Paquot, Memoires pour servir d Vhistoire litteraire des Pays- Bas. XVI (Louvain, 1769), 306; de Hxm. Memoires del' Academie Royale de Bruxelles, XIV (Brussels, 1841); FoppENS. Bibliotheca Belgica, II (Brussels, 1739), 770; Hurter, Nomenclator lilte- rarius. I (Innsbruck, 1S92), 13.

J. Forget.

Ravignan, Gust.we Xavier L.^croix de, French Jesuit, pulpit orator, and author, b. at Bayonne (Basses-Pyrenees), 1 Dec, 1795; d. at Paris, 26 Feb., 1858. Sent quite young to Paris, he studied in private boarding-schools, and for some time at- tended lectures at the Lycee Bonaparte. He first thought of entering the diplomatic ser\ice but decided in 1813 for the law. On Napoleon's return from Elba, de Ra\ignan joined the Due d'.\ngouleme's Royal Volunteers and made the unsuccessful Spanish campaign, distinguishing himself under fire at H^lette. He soon resigned his commission of lieutenant of cavalry and resumed his law studies. Called to the bar he was elected in 1817 a king's counsel in the Paris circuit and in 1821 deputy attorney- general. He was becoming famous when in May, 1822 he entered the Sulpician seminary at Issy. This made a sensation, heightened when on 2 November, he was received into the Jesuit novitiate at Mont- rouge. Here he laid the foundations of that lofty but practical spirituality, spirit of mortification and prayer, mastery over self, generosity, and zeal which ever marked him. After his no\-iceship, he studied theology and was ordained priest 25 July, 1828. Like Bourdaloue, de Ravignan prepared for the pulpit in a professor's chair. For two years at St. Acheul near Amiens, for three more at Brieg, Switzerland, he taught dogmatic theology. AMiile at Brieg and at Estavayer on the Lake of Neufchdtel. he gave missions and retreats in the neighbouring country. His stir- ring Lenten course in the Cathedral of .Amiens (1835), his success at Paris in St. Thomas d'.^quin (1836), pointed him to Mgr de Qu61en as the logical successor of Lacordaire at Notre Dame.