Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12.djvu/74

 PHRYGIANS

46

PHYLACTERIES

of Roman pride" ("Menologion" for 6 Feb., ed. Malt- zew, I, 916 sq.). The Catholic remembers this ex- traordinary man with mixed feelings. We do not deny his eminent qualities and yet we certainly do not remember him as a thrice blessed speaker for God. One may perhaps sum up Photius by saying that he was a great man with one blot on his character — his insatiable and unscrupulous ambition. But that blot BO covers his life that it eclipses everything else and makes him deserve our final judgment as one of the worst enemies the Church of Christ ever had, and the cause of the greatest calamity that ever befell her.

TForA'S. — Of Photius's prolific literary production part has been lost. A great merit of what remains is that he has preserved at least fragments of earlier Greek works of which otherwise we should know noth- ing. This applies especially to his "Myriobiblion". (1) The " Myriobiblion " or "Bibliotheca" is a col- lection of descriptions of books he had read, with notes and sometimes copious extracts. It contains 280 Buch notices of books (or rather 279; no. 89 is lost) on every possible subject — theology, philosophy, rhet- oric, grammar, physics, medicine. He quotes pagans and Christians, Acts of Councils, Acts of Martyrs, and so on, in no sort of order. For the works thus partially saved (otherwise unknown) see Krumbacher, "Byz. Litter.", 518-19. (2) The "Lexicon" (.W|ewF crvmyuy-fi) was compiled, probably, to a great extent by his students under his direction (Krumbacher, ibid., 521), from older Greek dictionaries (Pausanias, Har- pokration, Diogenianos, .Elius Dionysius). It was intended as a practical help to readers of the Greek classics, the Septuagint, and the New Testament. Only one MS. of it exists, the defective "Codex Galeanus" (formerly in the possession of Thomas Gale, now at Cambridge), written about 1200. (3) The " Amphilochia", dedicated to one of his favourite disciples, Amphilochius of Cyzicus, are answers to questions on Biblical, philosophical, and theological difficulties, written during his first exile (867-77). There are 324 subjects discussed, each in a regular form — question, answer, difficulties, solutions — but arranged again in no order. Photius gives mostly the views of famous Greek Fathers, Epiphanius, Cyril of Alexandria, John Damascene, especially Theodoret. (4) Biblical works. — Only fragments of these are extant, chiefly in Catenas. The longest are from Commentaries on St. Matthew and Romans. (5) Canon Law. — The classical "Nomocanon" (q. v.), the official code of the Orthodox Church, is attributed to Photius. It is, however, older than his time (see John Schol.\sticus). It was revised and received additions (from the synods of 861 and 879) in Photius's time, probably by his orders. The "Collections and Accurate Expositions" (^vmyivyal Kal diroSei^eiS ciKpLfieTs) (Hergenrother, op. cit.. Ill, 165-70) are a series of questions and answers on points of canon law, really an indirect vindication of his own claims and position. A number of his letters bear on canonical questions. (6) Homilies. — Hergenrother mentions twenty-two sermons of Photius (III, 232). Of these two were printed when Hergenrother wrote (in P. G., CII, 548 sq.), one on the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, and one at the dedicatior. of a new church during his second patriarchate. Later, S. Aristarches published eighty-three homilies of different kinds (Constanti- nople, 1900). (7) Dogmatic and polemical works. — Many of these bear on his accusations against the Latins and so form the beginning of the long series of anti-Catholic controversy produced by Orthodox theologians. The most important is "Concerning the Theology about the Holy Ghost" (Uepl rijs toO aylov TTvevfiaTos ixvarayuylas, P. G., CII, 264-541), a defence of the Procession from God the Father alone, based chiefly on John, xv, 26. An epitome of the same work, made by a later author and contained in Euthymius Zigabenus's "Panoplia", XIII, became

the favourite weapon of Orthodox controversialists for many centuries. The treatise ' ' Against Those who say that Rome is the First See", also a very popular Orthodox weapon, is only the last part or supplement of the "Collections", often written out separately. The " Dissertation Concerning the Reappearance of the Manicha^ans" (Aiij77;cris irtpi Tiji ixatuxaiwp dra/SXacrr^- fffws, P. G., CII, 9-264), in four books, is a history and refutation of the Paulicians. Much of the ".Amphil- ochia" belongs to this heading. The little work "Against theFranks and other Latins" (Hergenrother, "Monumenta", 62-71), attributed to Photius, is not authentic. It was written after Cjerularius (Hergen- rother, "Photius", III, 172-224). (8) Letters.— Migne, P. G., CII, publishes 193 letters arranged in three books; Balettas (London, 1864) has edited a more complete collection in five parts. They cover all the chief periods of Photius's life, and are the most important source for his history.

A. Ehrhard (in Krumbacher, "Byzantinische Lit- teratur", 74-77) judges Photius as a distinguished preacher, but not as a theologian of the first importance. His theological work is chiefly the collection of ex- cerpts from Greek Fathers and other sources. His erudition is vast, and probably unequalled in the Mid- dle Ages, but he has little originality, even in his con- troversy against the Latins. Here, too, he only needed to collect angry things said by Byzantine theologians before his time. But his discoverj- of the filioqiie grievance seems to be original. Its success as a weapon is considerably greater than its real value deserves (Fortescue, "Orthodox Eastern Church", 372-84).

Editions. — The works of Photius known at the time were collected by Migne, P. G., CI-CV. J. Balettas, ^utIov iiri.!!ToKal (London, 1864), contains other let- ters (altogether 260) not in Migne. A. Papadopulos- Kerameus, "S. Patris Photii Epistola> XLV" (St. Petersburg, 1896) gives forty-five more, of which, how- ever, only the first twenty-one are authentic. S. Aris- tarches, iariov \byoi. Kal o^iXioi 83 (Constantinople, 1900, 2 vols.), gives other homilies not in Migne. Oikonomos has edited the "Amphilochia" (Athens, 1858) in a more complete text. J. Hergenrother, "Monumenta graeca ad Photium eiusque historiam pertinentia" (Ratisbon, 1869), and Papadopulos-Kera- meus, "Monumenta graca et latina ad historiam Photii patriarchae pertinentia" (St. Petersburg, 2 parts, 1899 and 1901), add further documents.

The Acts of the Synods of S69 and 879 are the most important sources (Mansi. XVI and XVII). Theoqnostus (.\rchimandrite at Constantinople), Ai^eAAot Trtpifxtuv iravra. Ta Kara to** ^eyai' 'lyt'dTLOf, a contemporary account of the beginning of the schism (in Mansi, XVI, 295 sq.); NiKET.13 David Paphlagon (d. 890); Bi'o? 'lyi'aTtov (Mansi, XVI. 209 sq.). Papadopulos-Kebameus declared this to be a fourteenth-centurv forgery in the Vizant. Vremennik (1899), 13-38, +«v6o>'iiciiTo? 6 .ro<Aay,u^) ; he was suc- cessfully refuted by Vasiljewski {ibid., 39-56); cf. Byzant. Zeit- schrift, IX (1900), 268 sq. Genesios. BotiriAerai (written between 945-959), a history of the emperors and Court from Leo V (813- 20) to Basil I (867-86), published in Corpus Scriptorum Hist. Byzantinm (Bonn, 1834) and P. C.CIX. 985 sqq.; Theophanes CoNTiNUATUs for 813-961 in Corpus Script., 1838. and P. G., CIX, 15 sqq.; Leo Grammaticus. re-edition of Symeon Magis- ter. Chronicle, in Corpus Script., 1842, and P. G., CVIII, 1037 sqq.

Hergenrother, Photius, Patriarch von Konstantinopel, sein Leben, seine Schriften u. das griechische Schisma (Ratisbon. 1867- 69) (the most learned and exhaustive work on the subject). Demetr.\K0PUL08, "lo-Topta TOv {r\i(rfiaTO^ T^s KaTtVLKT]^ an'o T^s 6pSo56fou eK*(AT)<7ias (Leipzig, 1867), is an attempted rejoinder to Hergenrother. as is also Kremos, 'IffTopia Toy o-vio-MaTos twp fiiJo £«itA>]aicoi' (.Athens, 1905-07, two volumes published out of four). Lammer, Papst Nikolaus u. die byzantinische Staatskirche seiner Zeit (Berlin, 1857) ; Pichleb, Geschichte der kirchlichen Trennung zwischen dem Orient, u. Occident (Munich, 1864-65) ; NoRDEN, Das Papsttum und Byzanz (Berlin, 1903) ; Krumbacher, Geschichte der Byzantinischen Litteratur (Munich, 1897), 73-79, 515-524 (with copious bibliography) ; Fobtescue. The Orthodox Eastern Church (London, 1907), 135-171; Rcinaut, Le schisme de Photius (Paris, 1910).

Adrian Fortescue. Phrygians. See Mont,\nists. Phylacteries {ipv\axT-/ipiov, safeguard, amulet, or charm). The word occurs only once in the New Tes-