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RATISBON

century the Jesuits were persecuted almost without epssation in one country or other, and driven out again and again. These persecutions seriously hampered the educational work of the Society and prevented it from obtaining the brilliant success of former days. Still, the Jesuits possess now a re- spectable number of colleges, which is continually increasing, particularly in English-speaking coun- tries.

Pachtler, Ratio Studiorum et inatitutiones scholastica Societatis Jesu per Germaniam olim Vigentes in Monumenta GermanicE Pada- gogica, II, V, IX, XVI (Berlin, 1887-94), the standard work, con- taining the text of the various revisions of the Ratio Studiorum and many other valuable documents; Monumenta historica Socie- tatis Jesu (Madrid, 1894 — ) ; Hughes, Loyola and the Educational System of the Jesuits in Great Educators Series (New York, 1892) ; SCHWICKER.\TH, Jcsuit Education, Its History and Principles, Viewed in the Light of Modern Educational Problems (St. Louis, 1903); valuable notes oa this work by Brown in Educational Review (December, 1904), 523-32; Duhr, Die Studienordnung der Gesellschaft Jesu (Freiburg, 1896) ; Commentaries on the edu- cational practice of the Society by the Jesuits Sacchini, Jou- VANCY, Kropf. Perpin.i, Bonipacius, and Possevin, translated into German and annotated by Stier, Schwickerath, Zorell, ScHEiD, and Fell in Herder's Bihliothek der Katholischen Pdda- gogik, X, XI (Freiburg, 1898-1901); Quick. Educational Re- formers (New York, 1890); Paulsen, Gesch. des gelehrten Unter- riclits auf den deutschen Schulen (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1896) ; Schmid. Gesch. der Erziehung, III-V (Stuttgart, 1884-1901); Fleisch- MANN in Rein, Encyclopadisckes Handbuch der Pddagogik, s. v. Jcsiiiten-pddagogik.

RoBEET Schwickerath.

Ratisbon (Regensburg), Diocese of (Ratis- BONENSisJ, suffragan of Munich-Freising. It em- braces the greater portion of the administrative district of Oberpfalz, and portions of the districts of Upper and Lower Bavaria, and Upper Franconia (see Germany, map), an area of about 5340 square miles. It is divided into the three episcopal com- missariates of Ratisbon, Amberg, and Straubing, and into thirty deaneries. In 1910 it numbered 473 parishes, 167 benefices (exclusi\'e of 74 united with other prebends), 80 expositurships, 371 curacies, and 36 other pastoral offices, 1283 clergy (including 442 pastors and 1.59 regular prieists), and over 86.5,000 Catholics. In addition to the ordinary, there is a coadjutor bishop (consecrated 18 April, 1911); the cathedral chapter consists of a provost, 8 capitulars, 6 cathedral vicars, and a cathedral preacher. There is also a chapter at the collegiate Church of Our Lady "Zur Alten Kapelle" in Ratisbon, with 11 members, and a chapter in the collegiate Church of Sts. John the Baptist and John the Evangelist at Ratisbon, with 7 members. The diocesan institutions include the episcopal seminary for the ecclesiastics at Ratisbon, with four courses in theology and one in philosophy, and the episcopal seminaries for boys at Ratisbon, Metten, and Straubing. For philosophical and theological studies there exists at Ratisbon a state lyceum, in which 10 religious and a few lay professors lecture.

The monasteries and monastic institutes are: for the Benedictines, the Abbey of Metten with a gym- nasium and episcopal seminary for boys (43 fathers, 8 clerics, and 15 lay brothers) and the Priory of Weltenburg (6 fathers, 2 clerics, and 12 lay brothers); 3 monasteries of the Disealced Carmelites, with 22 fathers, 3 clerics, and 21 brothers; 2 monasteries of the Calced Carmelites, with 13 fathers, and 11 broth- ers; 5 monasteries of the Franciscans, with 21 fathers, and 46 brothers; 1 Capuchin monastery, with 7 fathers anfl 7 brothers; 2 hospices of the Minorites, with 4 fathers and 6 brothers; 2 Augustinian prior- ies, with 7 fathers, and 6 brothers; 3 Redemptorist colleges with 27 fathers, and 26 brothers; 4 monas- teries of the Brothers of Mercy, with 5 fathers and 100 brothers; 1 brotherhood of hermits, with 30 brothers, in 25 hermitages; 3 convents of the Poor Clares; 2 of the Dominican Sisters; 2 of the Cister- cian Sisters; 1 of the Ursulines; 1 of the Eliza- bethines; 1 of the Franciscan Sisters of the Third XII.— 42

Order; 1 of the Ladies of the Good Shepherd; 76 establishments of the Poor School Sisters ; 3 of the Eng- lish Ladies; 23 of the Sisters of Mercy, in 12 town- ships; 1 mother-house and 67 branches of the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis of Mallersdorf; 5 establishments of the Franciscan Sisters from the mother-house at Dillingen; 1 institute for the Daugh- ters of the Divine Redeemer from the mother-hou.se at Niederbronn in Alsace; 1 convent of Carmelite Sisters. The total number of sisters is 2400. The religious and social societies are highly developed; it will be sufficient to mention here the Confraternity of Perpetual Adoration, the Congregations of Mary for men, boys, and girls, the Catholic associations for workmen, journeymen, and apprentices, the stu- dents' associations, the Albertus Magnus associa- tion, the Volksverein for Catholic Germany, and the Catholic Press Association for Bavaria.

Among the churches of the diocese may be men- tioned: the Gothic cathedral of St. Peter, begun in 1275, but not completed until the nineteenth cen- tury; the old cathedral, or St. Stephanskirche (end of tenth century); the Churches of St. Emmeram (eleventh century), St. Jakob (twelfth century), the former Dominican Church of St. Blasius (1273- 1400), all at Ratisbon; the churches of Amberg, Straubing, Naabburg; numerous old monastery churches, such as those of Weltenburg, Priifening, Ober-Alteich etc. Much-frequented places of pil- grimage are: Mariahilf, near Amberg; the Eichel- berg, near Hemau; the Kreuzberg, near Schwandorf; and Neukirchen beim hi. Blut.

Ratisbon, the oldest town in Bavaria, had its origin in the Roman camp, Castra Regina, the remains of whose walls exist to-day. Christianity was intro- duced during the time of the Romans. In the sixth century Ratisbon was the chief town of Bavaria, and the seat of the apostolic labours of several holy evangelists, such as St. Rupert (about 697), St. Em- meram (about 710), St. Erhard (about 720), and Blessed Albert (about 720). In 739 St. Boniface divided the Duchy of Bavaria into the four Dioceses of Ratisbon, Passau, Freising, and Salzburg, and ap- pointed as first Bishop of Ratisbon Blessed Gawibald or Gaubald (739-61). The early bishops were chosen alternately from the canons of the Church of St. Peter and the monks of the Benedictine monastery of St. Emmeram, of which monastery they were simultaneously abbots; after the elevation of Salzburg to metropolitan rank by Leo III, Ratisbon was placed under it. Through the favour of the native dukes and, after their removal, through that of the Car- lovingians and Ottos, the bishops received much property and many gifts for their churches. The possessions of the chapter consisted of the three free imperial domains Donaustauf, Worth (both on the Danube), and Hohenburg on the River Lautrach, the domain of Pechlarn below the Enns, and the adminis- tration of a few places in Lower Bavaria. During the early period the chief care of the bishops was the con- version of the Slavs, Bohemia being for the most part won for Christianity by Ratisbon. Bishop Bahurich (817-48) baptized fourteen Bohemian princes at Rat- isbon in 847, and Bohemia long belonged to the dio- cese. Under Ambricho (864-91) Louis the German built the celebrated "Alte Kapelle" in which his spouse Emma and the la.st Carlovingian emperors Arnulf and Louis the Child found their resting-places. During the reign of Blessed Tuto (894-931) the see suffered much from the inroads of \\u\ Hungarians; Bishop Michael (942-72) took personal part in the wars against these invaders, especially in the battle of Lechfeld. St. Wolfgang (972-94) agreed to the sepa- ration of Bohemia from the Dioce.se of Ratisbon, and also separated the proijerty of the cathedral from the Monastery of St. iMnmcrain. The era of the following bishops is characterized by