Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12.djvu/683

 QUICT7MQUE

607

QUICUMQUE

Tique du Sud {184S-7) (Paria, 1890-3); Cieza de Le6n, Hist, de Peni (Seville, 1553; tr. Travels through the Mighty Kingdom of Peru. London, 1709); Fohbes, Aymara Indians in Ethn. Sac. Jour. N. S.. II (London, 1870) ; Gahcilaso de la Vega, Commcn- tarios reales de el origen de los Incas (Lisbon, 1609; tr. Hakluyt Soc, London, 1869); Idem, Hisl. gen. del Peni (Cdrdova, 1617; tr. Royal Commentaries of Peru, London, 1688) ; Herndon and Gib- bon, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, II (Washington, 1854) ; Hebvas, Catdlogo de las lenguas, I (Madrid, 1800) ; Mark- ham, Cuzco (London, 1856) ; Idem, Travels in Peru and India (London. 1862); Idem, Ollanla, an Ancient Ynca Drama (London, 1871) ; MoNTESiNOS, Memorias Peruanas (Ms. ca. 1640, see Pres- coTT. Peru, II) ; D'ORBIG^^^, Uhomme americain (Paris, 1839) ; Prescott, Hist, of the Conquest of Peru (London, 1847) ; Rai- MONDI El Peru (monumental work in several quarto volumes with plates and atlas) (1874-1902), III, bk, II, Historia de la geografia del Peni (Lima, 1879); Reclus, The Earth and its Inhabitants: South America. I. The Andes Regions, tr. Keane (New York, 1894); RiviERO and von Tschudi, Antiguedades Peruanas [Vienna, 1851; tr. (mutilated) by Hawks, London, 1854]; Saville, Antiquities of Manabe, Ecuador {Heye Expedn.), (New York, 1907); Squier, Peru (New Y'ork, 1877); Soarez, Hi.it. gen. del Ecuador (.Quito, 1890-1903); von Tschudi, Peru: Reise- skizzeni 1SS8-184£) (St. Gall, 1844; tr. Travels in Peru, London, 1847); Uhle, Explorations in Peru (Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1905); Velasco, Hist, del reino de Quito (written 1789) (Quito, 1841—4; French tr. in Temaitx-Compans, Voyages etc., XIX, (Paris, 1850); de Z.vrate, Hist, de la descubrimiento y de la con- quista del Peru (Antwerp, 1550; tr. London, 1581).

James Mooney

Quicumque Christum Quseritis, the opening line

of the twelfth (in honour of the Epiphany) and last poem in the "Cathemerinon" of Prudentius (q. v.). This twelfth poem or hymn contains 52 iambic dimeter strophes, and an irregular selection from its 208 lines has furnished four hymns to the Roman Breviarj', all of which conclude with the usual Marian doxology (" Jesu tibi sit gloria " etc., not composed by Pruden- tius), shghtly varied to make the doxology appropriate for the several feasts employing the hymns. The four centos are:

(1) Quicumque Christian qucpritis (Matins and first and second Vespers of the feast of the Transfiguration), comprising sixteen Unes (1-4, 37-44, 85-88) and the doxology (which changes its second line):

Jesu, tibi sit gloria,

Qui te revelas parvulis, etc. Although written for the Epiphany, the lines forming the cento apply well to the Transfiguration, as Daniel notes (Thes. Hymnol., I, p. 136). Of the IS transla- tions in English verse, twelve are by Catholics.

(2) O sola magnarum urbium (introduced by Pius V into the office of the Epiphany and assigned to Lauds), comprises sixteen lines (77-80, 5-8, 61^, 69-72) with the doxology (which changes its second line) :

Jesu, tibi sit gloria.

Qui apparuisti gentibus, etc. The Roman Breviary changes the opening words of the second strophe, "Haec Stella" into "Quemstella". The hymn has never been adopted by the Carthu- sian.s, Cistercians, Dominicans (these last using at Lauds the hymn "A pat re unigenitus"). Of the seventeen translations into English verse, six are by Catholics.

(3) Atidil lyrannus anxius (Matins of the Holy Innocents and of the octave day), comprising twelve lines (93-100, 133-6) and the (unchanged) doxology, "Jesu tibi sit gloria" etc. The Roman Breviary changes the opening word of the third strophe "Quo proficit" into "Quid proficit".

(4) Salvete flares marlyrum (Lauds and Vespers of feast of the Holy Innocents and of the octave day), comprising (in the Roman Breviary cento) 8 lines (125-1.32) and the (unchanged) doxology, "Jesu. tibi .sit gloria" etc. The third line of the second strophe is, in the Roman Breviary, "Aram sub ipsam . . . ", instead of the original " Aram ante ipsam ..." (or the other variants of this much-disputed line) — a change which not only consults the interests of class- ical prosody but happily suggests the words of the Apocalypse (vi, 9): "Vidi subtus altare aniraaa inter-

fectorum. . . ". Until the middle of the sixteenth century the Roman Breviary had no special hymns for this feast, but in 1568 hymns (3) and (4) were as- signed by Pius V. The two hymns have never been adopted by the Carthusians, the Cistercians, the Do- minicans, these last chanting at Lauds only the strophe from the abecedary of Sedulius (hnes 37-40) :

Caterva matrum personat

Collisa deflens pignora,

Quorum tyrannus milUa

Christo sacravit victimas. Clicthoue, Cassandre, Tommasi, favour the doxology: Sit trinitati gloria, Virtus, honor, victoria. Quae dat coronam testibus Per saeculorum sacula — But the Roman Breviary retains the usual doxology, which better connects the feast with its true back- ground of the Christmas cycle. In selections of vari- ous length and arrangement, the "Salvete flores martyrum" was in ancient liturgical use, and sub- stantially comprised both hymns (3) and (4) (Daniel, I, p. 124; IV, p. 120; Dreves, Anal. Hymn., L., p. 27, giving many MSS. references, some dating back to the tenth century), and other strophes not now in use. The older breviaries inverted the order of Prudentius, placing the "Salvete flores" etc., before the "Audit tyrannus" etc.; but the Roman Breviary follows the original order, showing us at Matins the bloody spec- tacle, and at Lauds saluting the victors, the "fiores martyrum". The Marquess of Bute's Roman Brevi- ary (1S79) gives Neale's translation All hail! ye infant Martyr flowers! Cut off in life's first dawning hours. As rose-buds snapped in tempest strife. When Herod sought your Saviour's life. The version has the value of retaining the similarity of rhythm with the original ; but if ever a departure from this course is justifiable, Father Caswall has vindicated his action in changing the rhythm: Flowers of martyrdom, all hail! Smitten by the tyrant foe On life's threshold — as the gale Strews the roses ere they blow. Not to speak of the beauty and fidelity of the render- ing, the trochaic rhythm vividly conveys the sense of suddenness of the onslaught, the ruthlessness and swiftness of the destruction. Caswall's version has been adopted by the (Baltimore) Manual of Prayers (with the first line changed into "Lovely flowers of Martyrs, hail!"). The Paris Breviary text had five strophes (exclusive of doxology), but altered the first strophe as follows (in order to avoid unpleasant eli- sions) :

Salvete flores martyrum.

In lucis ipso limine

Quos ssevus ensis messuit,

Ceu turbo nascentes rosas. There are in all about twenty-five versions into Eng- hsh, of which about half are by Catholics.

Julian, Did. of Hymnology {2nd ed.), 946, 1690, for first lines of translations, etc. To his list should be added the trans, of all four hymns in Bagshawe, Breviary Hymns and Missal .Sequences (London, 1900), and in Donahoe, Early Christian Hymns (New York, 1908); also, Henrt, Hymns of the Holy Innocents in Ec- clesiastical Review (Dec, 1896), 557-65, for Latin text and Eng- lish versions and comment; Kayser, Beitrdge zur Geschichte u. Erk' Urung der altesten Kirchenhymnen (Paderborn. 1881), 294-317, for texts of four hymns and extensive comment; Pimont, Hymnes du brHiaire romain, II (Paris, 1878), 65-77, for texts and much comment on the hymns of the Holv Innocents; Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry (3rd ed., London, 1874), gives Latin text (in 36 lines) of no. (4); Hymns .Ancient and Modern, historical ed. (London, 1909), nos. 72. 82. for Latin and English texts, musical settings, and comment on (2) and (4). The official or " typical" melodies for the four hymns will be found in the Antiphonary now passing through the Vatican press. No. 2 (p. 213) and no. 4 (p. 192) have appeared in proof sheets (1911).

H. T. Henry.