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 QUARANTINES

593

QUEBEC

from the northern Indians in being better built, pohte, liberal, and of cheerful humour. Their modern descendants are now fairly prosperous farmers, retaining httle of their former habit or behef. Of the Quapaw dialect proper, little has been recorded be- yond some brief vocabularies and word lists, but of the so-called Dhegiha language, including the dialects of the Omaha, Ponca, Osage, Kansa, and Quapaw, extended study and publication have been made, par- ticularly by Rev. J. O. Dorsey under the auspices of the Bureau of American Ethnology (see Pilling, "Siouan Bibliography").

Arkansas Hist. Asn. Pubs.. II (Lucey. Vaughan), (Fayette- ville. 1908); American Stale Papers, II. Indian Affairs (Wash- ington, 1S32) : Bureau of Cath. Ind. Missions, annual repts. of director (Washington); Charlevoix, Journal (London, 1761); Annual Reports of Commissioner of In-lian Affairs (Washington); Dorset, numerous papers (see Pilling), particularly. The Dhegiha Language, Conlribns. to N. Am. Ethnology (Washington, 1890), and Siouan Sociology in t-5th Rept. Bureau Am. Ethnology (Washington, 1S97); Fresch, Historical Colls, of La. (including Biedma and Elvas narratives of De Soto Expedition, in pt. II (1850), pts. I-V (New York. 1846-53, new series. New York, 1869; 2nd series. New York, 1873) : Jesuit Relations, ed. Thwaite. Louisiana volumes (Cleveland, 1896-1901); Lappler. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Washington, 1904); Le Page nn Pbatz, Hist, de la Louisiane (Paris. 1758; tr. London. 1763-74); Lettres edifiantes et curieuses (Du Poisson letters), IV (Lyons, 1819) ; Margry, Dicouvertes et ^tahlissements des Francis etc. (Paris, 1879-86); Pilliso, Bibliography of the Siouan Lan- guages in Bull. Bur. Am. Ethnology (Washington, 1887); Shea, Catholic Missions (New Y'ork, 1854); Idem, Discovery and Ex- ploration of the Mississippi Valley (New York, 1852; 2nd ed., Albany, 1903).

James Moonet.

Quarantines is an expression frequently used in the grants of indulgences, and signifies a strict eccle- siastical penance of forty days, performed according to the practice of the early Church. Hence an indul- gence of seven quarantines, for instance, implies the remission of as much temporal punishment as would be blotted out by the corresponding amount of eccle- siastical penance.

ScHMiTZ. Die Bu.-isbUcher und die Bussdisciplin der Kirche (Mainz, 1883), 764; Beringer, Die Abldsse (Paderborn, 1900), 57, French tr. (Paris, 1905); Maurel, The Christian Instructed in the Nature and Use of Indulgences, tr. (1875).

A. J. Maas.

Quaresmius, Fraxciscus, writer and Orientalist of the seventeenth centurv, b. at Lodi (Lombardy), 4 April, 1.>S3; d. at Milan, 2.5 Oct., 1650. His father was the noble Alberto Quaresmi and his mother Laura Papa. At an early age he was enrolled among the Franciscan Observantines at Mantua. For many years he held the chairs of philosophy, theology, and canon law, and became successively guardian, custos, and minister of his province. Later (164.5-8) he occupied the two highest posts in the order, that of definitor and procurator general. The memoirs of the order extol his consummate virtue, particularly his piety, prudence, and extraordinary meekness. His long apostolate in the East and the magnificent works he has left us have secured for Quaresmius world-wide fame, especially among earlier historians, Biblical scholars, and Orientalists. On 3 March, 1616, he went to Jerusalem, where he became Guardian and Vice-Commissary Apostolic of Aleppo in Syria (1616-8), and Superior and Commissary Apostolic of the East (1618-9). During this period he was twice imprisoned by the Turks. In 1620 he returned to Europe, but in 1625 was back in Jerusalem, whence the following year he addressed from the Holy Sepulchre an appeal to Philip IV of Spain, inviting him to reconquer the Holy Lanfl, and at the same time dedicating to him his work, " Hierosolymae afiBictae". Between 1616 and 1626 he wrote his classical work, "Elucidatio terrje .sancts", adjudged by the learned a monumental contribution to history, geography, archaeology. Biblical and moral science. During 1627-9 he was at Aleppo as papal commi.ssary and as vicar-patriarch for the Chaldeans and Maro- nites of Svria and Mesopotamia. In 1629 he went XII.— 3S

to Italy to render an account to the Holy See of the state of the Eastern Churches; he then returned to the Eiist, but how long he remained is not known. Meanwhile hejourneyed through Egypt and Sinai, the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, Rodi, Constantinople, and a large part of Asia Minor; he also visited Germany, France, Belgium, and Hol- land. In 1637 he was guardian of S. Angelo (Milan), where in 1643 he completed his other great work on the Passion of Christ.

No bibliographer has yet given us a complete list of his works. His published works are : ( 1 ) " Historica, theologica et moralis terra; sancfae elucidatio: in qua pleraque ad veterem et pra-sentem ejusdem terra; statum spectantia accurate explicantur" (2 fol. vols., pp. xxx-924-98 and 1014-120, Antwerp, 1639); second edition edited by P. Cvpriano da Treviso (4 pts. in 2 fol. vols., Venice', 1.880-1); (2) "De sacratissimis D. N. J. Christ i quinque vul- neribus, varia, pia et luculenta tractatio ... " (5, not 3, fol. vols.; I, 202; II, 2.58; III, 368; IV, 400; V, 271, besides an index of pp. 200 (Venice, 1652)], approved by the examining theologians in 1643, but unknown to bibliographers; only three copies are extant — one in the library of Brera, the Ambrosiana of Milan, and the National Library (Florence); (3) "Jeroso- lyma; afflicta; et humiliate dcprecatio ad suum Phil- ippum IV Hispaniarum et Novi Orbis potentissimum ac Catholicum Regem" (1 quarto vol., pp. 74, Milan, 1631), verj- rare; there is a copy in the Am- brosiana of Milan; (4) "Ad SS. DD. N. Alexandrum VII Pont. Opt. ]\Iax. Fr. Francisci Quaresmii Laud. Ord. Min. Pia Vota pro annivcrsaria Passionis Christi solemnitate " (1 quarto vol., pp. xx-58, Milan, 1656), of which there is one copy in the Am- brosiana; (5) "Pro confraternitate SS. Stellarii B. Virginis Marise tractatus" (1 quarto vol., Palermo, 1648); (6) "Itinerario di Caldea del Rev. P. Fran- cesco Quaresmio e di Fr. Tomaso da Milano suo compagno. Min. Oss. e Giov. Batt. Eliano. Maronita, ed Elia Patriarca e con li Nestoriani etc. I'anno 1629", edited by Marcellino da Civezza in "Storia delle Missioni Francescane", XI, 59.5-608.

Still in manuscript are: (1) "Apparatus pro re- ductione Chaldseorum ad cathoUcam fidem" ("six manuscript volumes", says Fr. Cyprian), which Quaresmius wrote when among the Chaldeans, and to which he refers in "Elucidatio terrs sancta;", I, li; (2) "Adversus errores Armenorum" ("three volumes in folio", sa3's Sbaralea), preserved in the Convent of Lodi; (.3) "Deipara in Sanguine Agni dealbata", left incomplete by the author; (4) "Epistote ex oriente", in the archives of the Prop- aganda Fide. These and other manuscript works are said to be preserved, some in the municipal library of Pavia and Lodi and some at Jerusalem.

Cyprianus de Tarvisio, Vita P. Franc. Quaresmii in the preface to the second edition of Elucidatio Terrce .Sancta; GoLU- BOVICH, Serie cronologica de' Superiori di Terra Santa (Jerusalem, 1898), 68-9; da Civezza, Storia universale delle Missioni Fran- cescane, XI (Florence, 1895), 595-608; Idem in Saggio di biblio- grafia (Prato, 1879), 479; Calahorra, Chronica de Syria y Terra Santa (Madrid, 1684), V, xxxvi; Wadding-Sbaralea, Script. 0. M. (Rome, 1S06), I, 90; II, 280.

GiROLOMO GOLUBOVICH.

Quartodecimans. See Easter Controversy.

Quebec, Archdiocese op (Qdebbcensis), in Canada, comprises the counties of Beauce, Bellechasse, Dorchester, Kamouraska, Levis, L'Islet, Lotbiniere, Mcgantic, Montmagny, part of Temis- cou.ata, Montmorency, Portncuf, and Quebec. The early missionaries, the Rccollets (161.5-29) and the Jesuits (1625), depended directly on the Holy See. The Jesuits haxnng returned alone in 1632, the Arch- bishop of Rouen extended his jurisdiction over the country. .According to the Bull of erection (1674), the See of Quebec comprehended all the possessions of France in North America: Newfoundland, Cape