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PYRKER

decoration of the vast and grandiose hemicycle of the new Sorbonne (1887-9). Large cities, such as Paris, Lyons, Rouen, Bordeaux, Marseilles, followed the example of Amiens, and when Boston (U. S. A.) wished to decorate the monumental staircase of its library it was Puvis de Chavannes who was chosen to execute that great work (1896). All these works breathe the same love of noble ideas, the same con- fidence in the higher destinies and ideals of the human race; it may even be said that what the theological painters of the Middle Ages wrought in the Spanish Chapel and what Raphael did for the Renaissance in the Camera della Segnatura, Puvis did in our era. He wrought his "Parnassus" and his "School of Athens", different it is true from those of old, but equally beautiful and sacred. He never lacked clear, ingen- ious and definite symbols for the plastic expression of general ideas. He upheld the rights of the ideal in the modern world, making it known and detaching it from dreams, art, and poetry. He always had an unshakable faith in the holiness of the spiritual side of humanity and in the supreme importance of con- tinuous search, aspiration, and unrest which form the moral capital of our race. As an artist he did much to maintain religion among men. After the death of Meissonier (1894), Pu\-is was elected by acclamation to the presidency of the National Society of French Artists. He was commander of the Legion of Hon- our. The moral dignity and the rectitude of his character and his life increased the respect paid to the artist and the thinker. He married the Princess Marie Cantacuzene whom he had met in Chass6riau's studio. He survived her by only a few months. His last work, the lovely "Watch of St. Genevieve", re- produces her features and consecrates the memory of that charming companion. It is perhaps this sorrow mingled with an immortal hope which imparts to this supreme work a haunting poetry and unforgettable beauty. (See Paris, coloured plate.)

Chesne.M'. Les nali07is rivales dans Vart (Paris, 1868); Cas- TAGNART. Solons (PaiTS, 1878) : GAnriER, Ahlcldaire du Salon (Paris. 1863); Hutsmans, Cerlatns (Paris, 1889); Art Renan, Puvis de Chavannes, Gazette des Beaux Arts (1896); Michel, Notes sur Vart moderns (Paris. 1896); BmssoN. Puns de Chavannes, souvenirs intimes. Gazette des Beaux Arts (1899); Vachon, Puvis de Chavannes (1896); Mother, ^in Jahrhundert franzdsischer Malerei (Berlin, 1901); B^n^ditte. Les dessins de P. de Chavannes an Luxembourg (Paris, 1900); Brunetiere. La Renaissance de I'idialisme (Paris. 1895), reproduced in Discours de

<^°™*'"' I- LotriS GiLLET.

Puy. See Le Put, Diocese of.

Puyallup Indians, an important tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, formerly holding the territory along the river of the same name entering near the head of Puget Sound, Washington, and now occupying an allotted reservation, together with several kindred tribes, in the neighbourhood of Tacoma, Pierce County. Their near neighbours, the Xisqually, speak a dialect of the same language. The name is said to mean "shadow", referring to the dense forest shades, and to have been applied originally to the country about the mouth of the stream.

The tribes of the Puget Sound region made ac- quaintance with Catholic priests and laymen as far back as the advent of the Spanish explorers in 1774- 95, and from the accompanying Franciscans ob- tained rosaries and crucifixes which they still treasured sixty years later. This Catholic memory was kept up through the French Canadians in the service of Mackenzie, Fra.ser, and the Hudson Bay Company. In 1838 the secular missionaries, Norbert Blanchet and Modeste Demers, arrived on the Columbia from Canada, making headquarters at Fort Vancouver, from which point Father Demers in 1839-41 visited the tribes northward along Puget Sound, instructing and baptizing many. In 1S43 another secular. Father Jean-Baptiste Bolduc, made another suoces.sful tour of Puget Sound and lower Vancouver Island. In 1847

arrived the first party of Oblates destined for the same mission, chief among whom was the famous Father Casimir Chirouse, the Apostle of Tulalip (d. 1891). In 1854 they joined with other tribes of that region in the treaty of Medicine Creek, by which they gave up their free range and agreed to come upon the reservation assigned them. In the next year they joined the Nisqually and others in the general out- break of the Washington tribes, known as the Yakima War, which was not finally brought to an end until 1858, when the work of civilization and Christianiza- tion was again taken up ; but it has been sadly checked by the demoralization consequent upon the removal of reservation restrictions under the recent Individual Allotment Act. L^pon this point both official and mission authorit ies agree. With whiskey and pauper- ization b}' white swindlers the end seems not far off. More than half of the tribe are classed as Catholic, and besides the Government reservation school, the St. George mission school, established in 1888, and in charge of a secular priest assisted by six Franciscan sisters and a lay teacher, has an attendance of sixty pupils of the several confederated tribes. From per- haps 800 souls sixty years ago the Puyallup have de- creased to 5.56 in 1900 and 461 in 1910. In aboriginal custom and belief they resembled the Tulalip tribes.

B.\xcROFT. Hist. Washington. Idaho and Montana (San Fran- cisco, 1890); GiBBS, Tribes oj Western Washington in Contr. to N. Am. Ethnology. I (Washington, 1877); Morice, Catholic Church in Western Canada (2 vols., Toronto. 1910); Commiss- ioner OF Indian Affairs, annual reports (Washington) ; Bureau OF Cathouc Indian Missions, annual reports of director (Wash- ington)- James Mooney.

Pye. See Directories, Catholic.

Pyrker, Johann Ladislaus von Oberwart (Felso- Eor), b. at Langh near Stuhlweissenburg, Hungary, 2 Nov., 1772; d. at Vienna, 2 Dec, 1847. He was de- scended from an old Hungarian noble family. His father was one of the eighteen brave hussars who dis- tinguished themselves in the battle of Kunersdorf. Graduated from Stuhlweissenburg and Fuenfkirchen, he applied for a civil service position in Ofen, but was unsuccessful. In 1792 he entered theCistercian chapter house at Lilienfeld, where he was ordained priest (1796). In quick succession he was steward, chancellor, prior, abbot, for a time, parish priest at Tiirnitz, and brought the monastery to the greatest material and spiritual prosperity. He was appointed Bishop of Zips (1818), Patriarch of Aquileia and Primate of Dalmatia with his see in Venice (1820), and finally Archbishop of Erlau, earning the love and veneration of his diocesans. He founded health resorts in Karlsbad and Gastein for sick soldiers, a seminary for country school teach- ers at Erlau, and donated 10,000 florins toward the adornment of the cathedral at Erlau. His great col- lection of paintings forms the basis of the Hungarian National Museum. For these cliaritable gifts he was knighted by the emperor with the title of Felso-Eor.

Pyrker wrote dramatic, epic, and lyric poetry. His first dramatic work, "Historische Schauspiele", ap- peared in 1810, and contained three five-act tragedies: "Die Cor\'inen", "Karl der Kleine, Konig von L'n- garn ", and " Zrinis Tod ". It w.os not even considered worthy of discussion or criticism, and the various edi- tions of his collected works do not contain the dramas. The "Tunisias", an epic in twelve cantos, describing the conquest of Tunis by Charles V, appeared in 1820, and there have been frequent later editions. A sketch of a "Tunisias" with striking resemblances was found in the textbooks of the Jesuit Jacob Masen. It is possible that the Jesuit's textbook (Palastra eloquentiae) was used at the time of Pyrker's youth. Another epic, "Rudolphias", glorifies Rudolph of Hapsburg, and was printed in Vienna in 1824. Grill- parzer dramatized the same material in his "Ottokars Glijck und Ende", which has many similarities with the well-known "Ode to Hapsburg" written by the Latin poet Avancini, S.J., probably read in the