Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12.djvu/632

 PULCI

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PULCI

Anthimus. Pulcheria had matured early and had great admimstrative ability; she soon exerted salu- tary influence over the young and not very capable emperor. On 4 July, 414, she was proclaimed Augusta (empress) by the Senate, and made regent for her brother. She made a vow of virginity and persuaded her sisters to do the same, the imperial palace thus becoming almost a monastery (Socrates, "Hist, ecel.", VII, xxii). At the same time she fulfilled all her duties as a ruler for about ten years jointly with her brother. After the marriage, brought about by Pulcheria, of Theodosius II with Eudoxia, the new empress sought to weaken Pulcheria's influence over the emperor, and, with the aid of some courtiers, succeeded for a time. Nevertheless, Pulcheria had always a powerful posi- tion at Coiu-t, which she used in behalf of ecclesiastical orthodoxy, as shown by her opposition to the doc- trines of Nestorius and Eutyches. Eudoxia supported Nestorius. St. Cyril of Alexandria sent Pulcheria his work "Do fide ad Pulcheriam", and wrote her on be- half of the true Church doctrine, to which she held unwaveringly (letter of Cyril in Mansi, "Concil. coll.", IV, 618 sqq.). He also wrote to Eudoxia (ibid., 679 sq.). Theodosius allowed himself to be influenced by Nestorius to the prejudice of C.yril, whom he blamed for appealing to the two empresses (ibid., 1110). Pulcheria, however, was not deterred from her determination to work against Nestorius and to persuade the emperor to espouse CjTil's party which favoured the definition of the Council of Ephesus. In the further course of the negotiations .over the Council of Ephesus, the Patriarch of Alexandria sought to gain Pulcheria's zeal and influence for the union and sent her presents as he did to other influential persons at the Court (Mansi, loc. cit., V, 987 sq.). There is no doubt that the final acknowledgement by the em- peror of the condemnation of Nestorius was largely due to Pulcheria. The Nestorians, consequently, spread gross calumnies about her (Suidas, s.v. Pul- cheria). Court intrigues obliged her (446) to leave the imperial palace and retire to a suburb of Constan- tinople, where she led a monastic life. When the Empress Eudoxia went to Jerusalem, Pulcheria re- turned (about 449) to Court. At the emperor's death (28 July, 450) she was proclaimed empress, and then married the able general, Marcian, but with the con- dition that her vow of virginity should be respected. At her order Marcian was proclaimed Augustus.

Meantime, at Constantinople, Eutyches had an- nounced his heresy of the unity of the natures in Christ, and the Patriarch Flavian had expressed his opposition, as did also Pope Leo I. Once more Pulcheria took up the cause of the Church. On 13 June, 449, the pope had wTitten both to Pulcheria and to Theodosius, requesting them to end the new heresy ("Leoniaepi.st.", xxx, in Migne, LVI, 78.5 sq.). Nine other letters followed. Theodosius II confirmed the decisions of the Robber Synod of Ephesus (449) and the pope, who had rejected them, sought to bring the emperor back to orthodox opinions. On 13 Oct., 449, he wrote again to the emperor and also to Pul- cheria (Epi.st. ,\lv), begging the latter for aid. The Roman Archdeacon Hilarius also wrote with the same object (Epist. xlvi in "Leonis Epist."), and at Leo's entreaty Valentinian III of the Western Empire, with Eudoxia and Galla Placidia, wrote to Theodosius and Pulcheria (Epist. Iviii). Another letter to Pulcheria was sent by Leo on 16 July, 4.50 (Epist. Ixx). After the death of Theodosius, conditions were at once changed. Marcian and Pulcheria wrote to Leo (Epist. Ixxvii). She informed him that the Patriarcli Ana- tolius had expres.sed his approbation and had signed the papal letter to Flavian concerning the two natures in Christ. She requested the pope to let it be known whether he would attend personally the council that had been summoned. The empress wa.s influential in the Council of Chalcedon (451) and with the em-

peror attended the sixth session (25 Oct., 451). Leo in his letter of 13 April, 451 (Epist. Ixxix), wrote Pulcheria that both the Nestorian and Eutychian heresies had been overcome largely by her efforts. He thanked her for the benefits she had bestowed on the Church, for her support of the papal legates, for the recall of the banished Catholic bishops, and for the honourable burial of the body of the Patriarch Flavian. Pulcheria showed no less zeal in promoting other interests of the Church. She built three churches in Constantinople in honour of Mary the Mother of God; one, erected after the condemnation of the Nestorian heresy, was exceedingly beautiful. In other places also she built churches, hospitals, houses for pilgrims, and gave rich gifts to various churches (Sozomen, "Hist, eccl.", IX, i). She had the bones of St. John Chrysostom, who had died in exile, brought back to Constantinople and buried in the church of the Apostles on 27 Jan., 438; this led to the reconciliation with the Church of the schismatic party of the Johannines (Socrates, "Hist, eccl.", VII, xlv). Pul- cheria had the relics of the forty martyrs of Sebaste, which were found near Constantinople, transferred to a church (Sozomen, "Hist, eccl.", IX, ii). She is venerated as a saint in the Greek and other Oriental Churches as well as in the Latin Church. Her feast is given under 10 Sept. in the Roman Martyrology and in the Greek Menaia; in the other Oriental calendars it is under 7 Aug.

Acta S.S., September, III, 503-40: NiLLEs, Kalendarium ma- nuale utriusque €ccl€si(r, I (2nd ed.), 238 aq.; Hefele, Konzilien' gesch., II (2nd ed., Freiburg, 1875); Guldenpenning, GescA, d, ostromischen Reiches unler Arkadius u. Theodosius II (Halle, 1SS5) : Nagl, Pulcheria in Frauencharakter aus d. Kirchengesch., II (Paderborn. 1910), 13 sqq.; Stokes in Diet. Chrisl. Biog.,a.v.; BuTLEB, Lives o/the Sainls, III (Baltimore, s. d.). 441-3.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Pulci, Ldigi, Italian poet, b. at Florence, 15 Aug., 1432; d. at Padua in 1484. The Pulci gave many in- teresting writers to the history of Italian letters in the earlier period of the Renaissance. Luigi's brothers, Luca and Bernardo, as well as the latter's wife, also poetized. Luigi frequented the household of Lorenzo il Magnifico, who was very fond of him, and helped him in a material way, a debt which he repaid by imi- tating certain verses of his patron and fellow-poet. Some attempt has been made to convict him of heter- odo.xy, because of rather free passages in his most famous work. Those who have engaged in this at- tempt have failed to reaUze that Pulci was an invet- erate joker and that the passages in question figure among the least serious of the poem. He had all the burlesquing and parodying instincts of his time, and spared no man or institution when the whim was on him. His chief title to fame is the chivalrous roman- tic poem, "Morgante", which on the basis of two antecedent Italian documents gives the history of Roland's peripatetic adventures, and marks a first serious attempt at an artistic treatment of the Car- lovingian epic matter imported from France. Deal- ing ostensibly with the adventures of a giant, Mor- gante, the author is far more concerned with the wandering career of Orlando, Rinaldo, and other legendary heroes of Charlemagne's court. The lesser compositions of Pulci are greatly inferior to "Mor- gjinte". They include the "Beca da Dicomano", which is a burlesque treatment of the idyll in verse, and follows the example set by Lorenzo's "Nencia da Barberino"; the octaves on the "Giostra" of Lorenzo; .'i number of briefer lyrics {strainbolti, rispetti, sonetli) ; a pro.se tale; and a " Confessione " in terza-rima, which has too much the air of a parody of parts of Scripture.

Opere (I.ucca, 1759); Morgante, ed. Volpi (Florence, 1900), a truly Hcholarlv ed. is still needed: Rajna in Propugnatore (1869 and' 1871); articles in Giornale storico, XVI, XVII; Rossi, II Quattrocento.

J. D. M. FoRP.