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 PULASKI

561

PULCHERIA

onded the efforts of his friend and comrade in the school, Pierre Olivant, founding vnth him a Society of St. Vincent de Paul among the students and devoting a large part of his vacations to works of charity. His kindness, his charity, and above all his simple, un- affected modestj' overshadowed even his talents. His election (1S71) to the French Academy was unani- mous. Bertrand says of it: "The election was due to his merit, but its unanimity, to his character". As a last wish he requested that no discourse should be held over his body. His profound faith helped him to bear with resignation the death of a devoted wife and of four grown children. A great number of his memo- randa are to be found in "Journal des Savants", "Journal de Liouville", "Comptes Rendus", "Re- cueils des savants strangers", "Annales de I'Observa- toire de Paris". He edited " Connaissance des Temps" (Paris) from 1S6S to 1S7S and from 1864 with Bertrand "Annales scientifiques de I'ecole normale sup^rieure".

Bertrand, Elogc de V. Puiseux; Tisseband, Notice sur la viede Puiseux in Bulletin des sc. math, et aslr. (Paris, 1SS4), 2nd series, VIII, pt. i, 227-45.

William Fox.

Pulaski, Casimir, patriot and soldier, b. at Win- iary, Poland, 4 March, 1748; d. on the Wasp, in the harbour of Savannah, 11 Oct., 1779; eldest son of Count Joseph Pulaski and Maria Zislinska. His father, a noted jurist, reared him for the bar, and he received his militarj' train- ing, as a youth, in the guard of Charles, Duke of Courland. Pu- laski was one of those who, under the leadership of hisfather, formed, 29 Feb., 1768, the confederation of Bar, to free Po- land from Russia. Driven into Mol- davia he, return- ing, seized the monastery of Ber- dichev and for se\-eral weeks withstood with slender forces a siege by the Rus- sians. Again find- ing refuge in Mol- davia in 1769 after the arrest and death of his father, Pulaski in a series of brilliant marches overran and raised in re- volt the greater part of Poland and Lithuania. De- feated by Suvaroff at Lomazy, near \Madowa, he fled with only ten men into the Carpathian Mountains. There he spent the winter of 1769-70, making forays into Poland, and in .August, 1770, seized the fortified monasterj' of Czenstochowa. He gallantly defended it against a siege in Jan., 1771, and forced tlie Rus,sian3 to withdraw. Though he joined his compatriots in driving the Russians across the ^'istula, his failure to co-operate with Dumouricz is considered to have caused the loss of the battle of Landskron, where Suvaroff overwhelmingly defeated the patriots. Beaten at Cartenow near Leopol and failing to take Zamose, he returned to Czenstochowa. Though modern historians hold him guiltless, he was convicted of treason and outlawed for complicity in the plot to seize and carry off King Stanislaus, 3 Nov., 1771. This plot lead to the open intervention of Prussia and Austria, and Pulaski, after a gallant but futile defence of Czenstochowa, fled in 1772 to Turkey, and later to France.

XII.— 36

On 17 Oct., 1776, he offered his services to Franklin, the American agent, landed at Boston in July, 1777, and joined Washington. He rendered signal ser\-ice, 4 Sept., 1777, at Brandywine Creek; he was com- missioned 15. Sept., 1777, by the Continental Congress commander of the horse with rank of brigadier. He saved the army from surprise at \\'arren Tavern, and took part, 4 Oct., 1777, in the battle of Germantown. He was prominent in the Jersey campaign during the winter, but resigned his command, 28 March, 1778, to organize an independent corps known as Pulaski's Legion. The banner of the legion was purchased by him from the Moravians at Bethlehem and not pre- sented to him, as represented by Longfellow in his "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns". Ordered to Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, the legion on 1.5 Oct., 1778, suffered severe loss through a night attack, which he repulsed. Dissatisfied with his assignments, he was only dissuaded b}' Washington from resignation. He entered Charleston, 8 May, 1779; he gallantly attacked the investing British on 11 May. Against the inchna- tion of the authorities he held the city until it was re- lieved on 13 May. He rendered great services during the siege of Savannah, Georgia, and in the assault on the city, 9 Oct., he commanded both the American and French cavalry. He was wounded by a shot in the upper part of the thigh, and was taken on board the brig \\'asp. He died as the vessel was leaving the ri\-er and was buried at sea off St. Helena's Island, South Carolina. It has been mistakenly held by some that his remains lie under the monument erected to his memory at Savannah. On 11 May, 1910, there was unveiled at Washington a monument to his memorj', erected by order of Congress.

Sp.arks, The Library of American Biography, second series (15 vols., Boston, 1844^7), IV, 365-446; DE Rulhiehe, Hisloirc de r Anarchic de Polognc. et du dimembrement de cette Republiqiie (Paris, 1807) ; Senate Executive Document, no. 120. 49th Congress. 2nd Session (1887) ; American Catholic Historical Researches, new series, VI (1910).

John G. Ewing.

Pulati, Diocese of (Pttl.^tensis or Pol.\ti- NENSis). The ancient Pulati in Albania no longer exists; its name is borne by a district of Euro- pean Turkey. The first Bishop of Pulati (877) was a suffragan of Dioclea, after the overthrow of which the bishops of Pulati were suffragans of Siilonica (Thes.salonica). During the tenth century and even later Pulati is not mentioned. From 1340 to 1520 there were two Dioceses of Pulati, Polata major and Polata minor; the bishops of the latter were known as Episcopi Sosbrienses from the Fran- ciscan hospice in the \'illage of Sosi. Owing to the Turks and the decay of its population, after the death of Vincenzo Giovanelli appointed in 16.56, the bishops no longer resided at Pulati. After 1667 its bishops were vicars Apostolic for Pulati. The Franciscan, Peter Karagic, was nominated Bishop of Pulati in 1697 and ApostoUc administrator of the Archdiocese of Scopia in Albania. Since 1867 Pulati is suffragan of Scutari. The present (forty-first) Bishop of Pulati is Nicholaus Marconi, O.F.^I., b. at Trent, Tvrol,

18 May, 1842, elected bishop 23 December, 1890." He resides at Giovagni. His coadjutor, with right of suc- cession, is Bernardinus Sclaku, O.F.M., b. at Scutari, 23 June, 1873; nominated bishop in January, 1910. The Diocese of Pulati comprises 13 parishes, all, ex- cept one, held by Franciscans. There are 14,644 Catholics; 9 secular priests; 14 churches or chapels.

Missiones CathoKca (Rome. 1907); Markovic, Dukljanako- barska Metropolija (Zagreb. 1902). 41; Mihacevic, Iz aWanije o albaniji. XXIII (Serof. Perivoj, 1909), 126-9.

Anthony Lawrence Gancevi<5.

Pulcheria, Saint, Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire, eldest daughter of the Emperor Arcadius, b.

19 Jan., 399; d. in 453. After the death of Arcadius (408), her younger brother, Theodosius II, then only seven, became emperor under the guardianship of