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 FRZEMYSL

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FRZEMYSL

a bill was laid before the Diet, which sought to relieve the railways from overtaxing with freight, by a com- prehensive construction of canals from the Rhine to the Oder. The bill was rejected. It was once more brought up, and this time the pro\-ision was included that the Government should have a monopoly of the towing on the canals to be built. The bill was ac- cepted in this shape in 1905.

One result of the Government improvements of the waterways is its endeavour to limit the entire free- dom of river na-\-igation which has grown up in Ger- many on the basis of the acts of the Congress of Vienna. So far the Government has not been able to overcome the opposition to this plan in the empire and the neighbouring states; a bill to this end is be- fore the Diet. Since 1870 Prussia has also considered large schemes for impro\-ing the organization of the administration. The organization of the district and country communes had not been settled in the earlier

Eeriod; the organization of the pro%-inces had also to e perfected. The law regulating the administration of the districts was passed in 1872 under the influence of the National Liberal party; the law affecting the provinces in 1875. At the same time a law, which met with general approval, in regard to the eiitire administrative jurisdiction was carried. In 1897 the difficulties were finally removed which up to then had prevented the Government from obtaining a law to regulate the country communes. This was efTected by abandoning the effort to have one law for the entire country, and by passing one simply for the eastern pro\-in"ces, where the need was most pressing. Since then there has been no further legislation as regards the organization of the administration. In the future new and large questions as to administration will have to be settled, which in the meantime are being dis- cussed by a commission appointed by the king in 1908, who are" to report directly to him. Of late, pubhc opinion has also been occupied with constitutional questions, especially of the Centre and the parties of the Left for the adoption of the imperial system of electing the Reichstag in Prussia. The Government is not readv for this, and desires only to modify the three-class system. The first bill for this did not raeet with the approval of the Prussian Diet, and was with- drawn in ^lay, 1910.

PRrrz, Preussische Gesch. (4 vols., 1S99-1902). Among earlier histories should be mentioned: Stenzel. Gesch. des Preussischen Slaats (5 vols., 1830-54), extends to 1763; Ranke, Zwolf Backer Preussischer Gesch. (5 vols., 1874): Dboyses. Gesch. der preuss. Politik (14 vols.. 1855-86). extends to 1756. Re^•iews of histor- ical works on Prussia appear regularly in the semi-annual Forschungen zur Brandenburgischen und Preussischen Gesch.

Authorities: Lehmaxn, Preussen und die ktUholische Kirche seii 1640 (1807), up to now 9 vols.; Urkunden und Akteastiicke zur Gesch. des Kurfurslen Friedrich Wilhelm ran Brandenburg (1864-), up to now about 20 vols.; ProtokoUe und Relationen des Brandenburgischen Geheimen Rates aus der Zeii des Kur/urslen Friednch Wilhelm (5 vols., 1889-): PolUische Korrespondem Fritdrichs des Grossen (32 vols.. 1879-); Preussische und oster- rcichische Akten zur Vorgeschichte des 7. jdhrigen Krieges, ed. vox VOLZ AXD KtJNTZEL (1899); Acta Borussica. Denkmaler der Preussischen StaatsierwaUung im 18. Jahrhundert (1892-), m course of publication; Brie/wechsd Konig Frtedrxch W\lhelm III und der Kdnigin Luise mil Kaiser Alexander, ed. Baillec (1900); Preussen und Frankreich ton 1795-1807, ed. Idem (2 vols., 1881-87) ; Denkwurdigkeilen des Staalskanzlers Furslen ton Har- denberg, ed. Ranke (5 vols.. 1877) ; A us den Papieren des Ministers Th ton Schon (1877-83); VON HtTMBOLDT, PolUische Denk- schriflen. ed. Gebhardt (3 vols., 1903-04); ITilhelm des Grossen Brie/e, Reden und Schri/len, ed. Berneb (2 vols.. 1906); Pcfen- DOBF, De rebus geslis Friderici Wilhelmi Magni electoris Branden- burgiH commentariorum libri XIX (Berlin, 1695); Frederick THE Great, Works: Waddingto.n, Le Grand electeur Frrdfnc Guitlaume de Brandebourg. Sa politique eitirieure (1905-); PagSis, Le Grand Electeur et Louis XIV, 1660-68 (1905); ScBMOLLER, Umrisse und Unlersuchungen zur Ver/assungs-usir. Gesch., besonders des Preussischen Stoats im 18. und 19. Jahrh. (1898); KosER. Konig Friedrich der Grosse (2 vols., 1893-1903); Carltle, History of Frederick II of Prussia (6 vols.. 1858-65); Die Kriege Friedrichs du Grossen. ed. by the Grosser Geserai,- BTAB (1890-). in course of publication: Bbogue. Fredfric II et Marie-ThMse. 17iO-4e (2 vols.. 1883); Idem, Frfdlric II el Louis AT. 1743-1744 (2 vols., 1885); HCffer, Die Kabinel.^- regierung in Preussen und Johann Wilhelm Lombard (1891); Idem, Amatlasius Ludwig Mencken (1891); Ulm.vnn, ffi«sisrj- Preussische Politik unter AUxander I und Fnednch IF»(4<*n ///

bis 1806 (1899); Lehmans, Freiherr ton Stein (3 vols., 1902-04); C-WAIGNAC, La formation de la Prusse contemporaine, 1806-13 (2 vols., 1891-98) ; Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichle im 19. Jahr- hundert (5 vols., 1848, 1879-94); Knapp, Die Bauernbefreiung und der Ursprung der Landarbeiter in den dlteren Teilen Preusaens (2 vols., 1887); Zimmerman'N, Gesch. der Preussisch-Deutschen Handelspolitik (1892); Pariset, LEtat et VEglise en Prusse sous Fridiric Guitlaume I (1897).

Martin Spahn.

Przemysl, Diocese of (Premisliensis), Latin see in Galicia, suffragan of Lemberg. After conquering Halicz and Wladimir, Casimir the Great suggested to the pope the creation of seven Latin sees in places where, from the beginning of the fourteenth century, schismatics had at least nominal sees: Halicz, Prze- mysl, Chehn, ^^adimi^, Lufzk, Kieff, and Lemberg. Franciscans and Dominicans immediately began to establish missions. When the Bishop of Lebus ap- pointed an incumbent for Przemysl, the pope refused to recognize his jurisdiction and designated (1353) as successor the Dominican prior of Sandomir, Nicolaus Ruthenus. The latter was consecrated at the papal Court and the pope declared this diocese directly sub- ject to the Holy See. As the see was in.sufficiently endowed, the bishop did not reside in his catliedral town. After the death of Nicolaus the Bishop of Lebus again endeavoured to assert jurisdiction over Przemysl. but Gregory XI appointed Eric de Winsen (1377), whobecame the first actual bishop of Przemysl. Blessed Jacob Strepa rendered import ant ser^^ces to the Diocese of Przemysl. In 1237 Boleslas the Chaste had introduced the Franciscans to Cracow; about one hundred years later they came to Lemberg. where, for three years, Strepa was protector of the order. During that time. Archbishop Bernard laid Lemberg under an interdict and excommunicated the town councillors. Strepa took up the cause of the city to protect it from the influence of the neighbouring schismatics. In addition, he had to defend the Fran- ciscans and Dominicans against the accusation of the secular clergy, who maintained that their administra- tion of the sacraments was invalid. In 1391 Strepa became Archbishop of Galicia. In that capacity he adjusted the ancient quarrel between the Dioceses of Hahcz and Przemysl. In 1S44 Bishop Franz Zacha- riasiewicz published the "Lives" (mentioned below), which mention fifty-seven of his predecessors; six bishops have succeeded him (1911). To the "Lives" are prefLxed important data concerning the early history of the Latin sees in Russia (pp. .xxv-xxxix) and concerning the Latin dioceses of Galicia (pp. xl- lxxx\-iii). At present the Latin Diocese of Przemysl numbers 1,1.52,000 Catholics; 547 secular priests; 369 religious men in 27 convents, and 698 rehgious women in 97 (99) convents.

Monumenta med. (Fvi hist, res geslas Polonia iUuslrantia (Cracow, 1S72-); Tbeixer, Vet. mon. PolonVB hist. iUuslrantia (3 vols.. Rome. 1860-4); Abr.uiam, Der set. Jakob ton Strepa (Lemberg, 1908); Pawlowsky, Premislia sacra, site series et gesta epi^coporum r. I. Premislien^um (Cracow, 1870): Reifen- kugel, Die Grundung der rom. kath. Bistumer in den Territorien Halicz u. Wladimir in Arch, fur osl. Gesch., XLII (Vienna, 1875) ; SCROBISSEVI, Vil(F epp. Haliciensium et Leopolinesium (Lemberg. 1628) ; Zachariasiewicz, Vitte epp. Premislien (Vienna. 1844). C. WOLFSGRUBER.

Przemysl, Sambor, and Sanok, Diocese of (Premislie.vsis, S.\mboriexsis, et Saxochiexsis), a Gra?co-Ruthenian LTniat diocese of Western Galicia, Austria. It isreallytheDioceseof Przemysl (Ruthenian, Peremyshl) of the Greek Rite, since the See of Sambor represents only a former contest between the Catholic and the Orthodox about the time of the union of the churclics, and there never was at any time a Bishopric of Sanok. Przemysl is a fortified town situated on the River San, in the Crow^lIand of Galicia, about fifty- four miles west of Lemberg. Its population in 1900 was 40,3.50, and it contains the Cathedral Clmrch of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist and the diocesan seminary of the Ruthenian Greek CathoUcs. Sambor