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 PROTECTORIES

492

PROTECTORIES

of the agents of the protectorate and the heads of the mission, and these things it is not impossible to realize in practice. When it is learned that the superior of the mission of south-east Chi-li during the difficult period from 1862 to 1SS4 had recourse to the French legation only three times and arranged all other diffi- culties directly with the local Chinese authorities (Em. Becker, "Le R. P. Joseph Gonnet", Ho-kien-fou, 1907, p. 275), it will be understood that the French Protectorate is not necessarily a hea\'y burden, either for those who exercise it or for those bound by it. The abuses which may arise are due to the men, not to the system; for, after all, the missionaries, though not faultless, are most anxious that it should not be abused. Perhaps the abuse most to be feared is that the protectors should seek paj'raent for their services by trammelling the spiritual direction of the mission or by demanding political ser\-ices in exchange: a complete history of the protectorate would show, we believe, such abuses and others to be insignificant when compared with the benefits conferred by tliis institution on religion and ci\'ilization.

Concerning the Levant. — CHARBifeRE, Nigociatiojis de la France dans le Levant (4 vols., Paris, 1S48) ; Schopoff, Les ri~ formes et la protection des chret. en Turquie 1673-1904^ Firmans, birats,. . . traitis (Paris, 1904) ; P:6lissi£ du Rausas, Le rigime des capitulations dans Vempire ottoman (Paris, 1902-5), I, 190— 202; II, 80-176; Ret. De la protection diplomatique et consulaire dans les ichelles du Levant et de Barbaric (Paris, 1899) ; DE Saint-Priest, Mimoires sur Vambassade de France en Turquie . . suivis du texte des traductions originates des capitulations et des traites conclus avec la Sublime Porte (Paris, 1877) ; Charues, Poli- tique exterieure et coloniale (Paris, 1885). 303-84, 387-428; Le rigime des capitulations par un ancien diplomate (Paris, 1898); BuRNlCHON, Les capitulations et les congregations religieuses en Orient in Etudes. LX (1893), 55; Pr4lot, Le protectorat de la France sur les Chretiens d'Orient in Eludes, LXXVII (1898), 433. 651; LXXVIII, 38, 172; Rabbath, Documents ined. pour servir d I'liist. du ChHstianisme en Orient, X VI-XIX siicle (Paris, 1907- 10) ; Carayon, Relations ined, des missions de la C, de J. d Con- stantinople et daris le Levant an X VII' si^cle (Paris, 1864) ; Lettres idifiantes et curieuses.

Concerning the Far East. — Cordier, Hist, des relations de la Chine avec les puissances occidentales (Paris, 1901-2); Cou- VREUR, Choix de documents, lettres officielles, proclamations, edits , . . Texte chinois avec traduction en francais et en latin (Ho- kien-fu, 1894) ; Wieger, Rudiments de parler et de style chinois, XI, Texles historiques (Ho-kien-fu, 1905), 2070-38 ; Cogordan. Les missions cathol. en Chine et le protectorat de la France in Revue des deux mondes, LXXVIII (15 December. 1886), 765-98; Fauvel. Les Allemands en Chine in Le Correspondant, (DXCI (1898), 538-58. 758-74; Launay in Piolet. Les missions cathol.. Ill, 270-75; DE Lanessan. Les missions et leur protectorat (Paris. 1907), written against the protectorate and verj- unfriendly towards the missionaries.

For the Portuguese Patronage. — Jordao, Bullarium patronatus Portugalliw regum in ecclesiis AfricfE, Asi<t atque Oceanitx (Lisbon, 1868) ; de Bussierre, Hist, du schisme portu- gais dans les Indes (Paris, 1S54).

Joseph Brucker.

Protectories, institutions for the shelter and traiiiinf; (if the young, designed to afford neglected or abandtint'd children shelter, food, raiment, and the rudiiuents of an education in religion, morals, science, and manual training or industrial pursuits. In- stitutions of this character are to be found in most of the dioceses of the United States. They are usually open to the reception of juvenile delinquents, who, under the better ideas now obtaining in criminal pro- cedure, are committed by the courts, especially by Juvenile Courts (q. v.), to educational rather than to penal institutions. San Michele, the first protectory for youth, was founded at Rome in 1704 by Clement XI. When John Howard, the English prison re- former (1726-90), visited the institution, he read above the entrance this inscription: "Clement XI, Supreme Pontiff, for the reformation and education of criminal youths, to the end that those wlio when idle had been injurious to the State, might, when better in.structed and trained, become useful to it. In the Year of Grace 1704; of the Pontiff, the fourth". On a marble slab inserted in one of the interior walls he read further: "It is of little use to restrain crimi- nals by punishment, unless you reform them by education ' ' . This has become the key-note of modern

penology. The inmates worked together by day in a large hall where was hung up in large letters, visible to all, the word silentium, indicating that the work must go on in silence. At night they slept in separate cells. This system of associated or congre- gate labour in silence by day and cellular separation at night, for which, under the name of the Auburn System, so much excellence has been claimed in Amer- ican penology, was thus inaugurated at Rome in the beginning of the eighteenth century, more than a hundred years prior to the introduction of the method into use here. The same wise pontiff established in connexion with this foundation of San Michele a special court for the trial of offenders under twenty years of age, a plan that has re-appeared in the last decade in the Juvenile Courts established in America for the trial of delinquents under seventeen years of age.

Secular protectories or reform schools, now termed "training schools", were instituted in America during the initial quarter of the nineteenth century. On 1 Jan., 1S25, the House of Refuge was opened with appropriate exercises on what is now Madison Square, New York City. Nine children, just gathered from the streets, were present and formed the nucleus of the new establishment that has since grown to vast proportions in its present location on Randall's Island. Boston followed with a similar institution in 1826; Philadelphia in 1S2S; and in 1855 a girls' reformatory was founded at Lancaster in Massa- chusetts on the family or cottage plan, dividing the institution into three separate houses of thirty girls each, with their three matrons, all under the general supervision of a superintendent. In 1904, according to the U. S. Census Reports, there were thirty-nine states and territories with institutions for juvenile dehnquents, and these had ninety-three institutions, exclusively for such children, reporting a population, between seven and twenty-one years of age, of 23,034 as against 14,846 population in such institutions on 1 June, 1890. It is stated that these figures do not include children placed in these institutions bj- parents or guardians without the sanction or order of a magistrate or other lawful committing authority. Nor do these figures include persons under twenty- one years of age committed to institutions that are not exclusively for juveniles, as, for instance, jails and workhouses. Inquiry at the Census Office in Wash- ington shows there were one hundred and three insti- tutions for juvenile dehnquents (1910); eighty-seven of these institutions reported 22,096 inmates on 1 January, 1910.

In the great majority of cases the institutions are pubUc. But the report of the Census entitled "Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents in Institutions: 1904" observes that in several states the reformation and correction of delinquents are entrusted in whole or in part to private or religious agencies, and dis- tinguishes as the most notable among these the Catholic Protectory at Westchester, New York, the largest institution of the kind in the country, which in 1904 contained 2566 delinquents and dependents. The actual number present in this institution on 31 December, 1909, w:vs 2320, of whom 540 were girls accommodated in a department and buildings separate from the boys under the care of the Sisters of Charity. The boys are in charge of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, of the Institute founded by St. John Baptiste dc la Salle (q. v.). Another large protectory is St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys in charge of the Xa\'erian Brothers at Baltimore, Md. It had a juvenile population of 748 on 1 Decem- ber, 1909. Since 1866, St. Mary's has cared for 7593 boys. Similar institutions are: in the United States, at Chicago, Illinois; Arlington, New Jersey (Diocese of Newark); Philadelphia, Pennsvlvania; and Utica, New York (Diocese of Syracuse). In