Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12.djvu/50

 PHILLIP

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PHILLIPS

on the border of the maratime plain (III Kings, xv, 27; x\'i, 15). Towards the close of the same century the Assyrian ruler, King Adad-Nirari, placed them under tribute and began the long series of Assyrian interference in Philistine affairs. In Amos (i, 6, 8) we find a denunciation of the Philistine monarchies as among the independent kingdoms of the time.

During the latter part of the eighth century and ditfing the whole of the seventh thehistory of the Phil- istines is made up of a continual series of conspiracies, conquests, and rebellions. Their principal foes were the Assyrians on the one side and the Egyptians on the other. In the year of the fall of Samaria (721 B. c.) they became vassals of Sargon. Thej' rebelled, however, ten years later under the leadership of Ashdod, but without permanent success. Another attempt was made to shake off the Assyrian yoke at the end of the reign of Sennacherib. In this con- flict the Philistine King of Accaron, who remained faithful to Sennacherib, was cast into prison by King Ezechias of Juda. The allies who were thus brought together were defeated at Eltekeh and the result was the siege of Jerusalem b}' Sennacherib (IV Kings, xviii-xix). Esarhaddon and Asm-banipal in their western campaigns crossed the territory of the Phil- istines and held it in subjection, and after the dechne of Assyria the encroachments of the Assyrians gave place to those of the Egyptians under the Twenty- sixth Dynasty. It is probable that the Philistines suffered defeat at the hands of Nabuchodonosor, though no record of his conquest of them has been pre- served. The old title "Lords of the Philistines" has now disappeared, and the title "Kmg" is bestowed by theAssyriansonthePhilistinerulers. The siegeof Gaza, which held out against Alexander the Great, is famous, and we find the Ptolemies and Seleucids frequently fighting over Philistine territorj'. The land finally passed under Roman rule, and its cities had subse- quently an important history. After the time of the Assj'rians the Philistines cease to be mentioned by this name. Thus Herodotus speaks of the "Ara- bians" as being in possession of the lower Mediter- ranean coast in the time of Cambysos. From this it is inferred by some that at that time the Philistines had been supplanted. In the ebb and flow of warring nations over this land it is more than probable that they were gradually absorbed and lost their identity.

It is generally supposed that the Philistines adopted in the main the religion and civilization of the Cha- naanites. In I Kings, v, 2, we read: "And the Phil- istines took the ark of God, and brought it into the temple of Dagon, and set it by Dagon", from which we infer that their chief god was this Semitic deit}'. The latter appears in the Tel el-Amarna Letters and also in the Babylonian inscriptions. At Ascalon likewise there was a temple dedicated to the Semitic goddess Ishtar, and as the religion of the Philistines was thus evidently Semitic, so also were probably the other features of their civilization.

Besides the standard Commentaries see M.kspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de VOrient (6th ed., Paris. 1904). tr.. The Dawn of Cirilization (4th ed., London, 1901); Brposch. Egypt umlir the Pharaohs (tr., London, 1880), ix-xiv.

James F. Driscoll.

Phillip, Robert, priest, d. at Paris, 4 Jan., 1647. He was descended from the Scottish family of Phillip of Sanquhar, but nothing is known of his early life. Ordained in Rome, he returned in 1612 to Scotland where he was betrayed by his father, seized while saying Mass, and tried at Edinbiu-gh as a seminary priest, 14 Sept., 1613. The sentence of death was commuted to banishment, and he wnthdrew to France, where he joined the French Oratory recently founded by Cardinal de BeruUe. In 1628 he went to England as confessor to Queen Henrietta Maria, and at her re- quest he besought the pope for financial aid against the king's enemies. The subsequent negotiations were

discovered, and Phillip was impeached on the charge of being a papal spy and of having endeavoured to per- vert Prince Charles, but proceedings dropped owing to the displeasure of Richelieu at the introduction of his own name into the matter. Later he was committed to the Tower for refusing to be sworn on the .\nglican Bible on 2 Nov., 1641, when he had been summoned by the Lords' committee to be examined touching State matters. Released through the queen's influ- ence, he accompanied her to The Hague in March, 1642, and remained with her in Paris till his death.

N.iLSON, Collection of Affairs of Stale. II (London. 16S2-3); Berington. Memoirs of Panzani (Birmingham, 1793); Stothert, Catholic Church in Scotland, ed. Gordon (Glasgow. 1869); Foley, Records of Eng. Jesuits. V (London, 1879) ; Seccombe in Diet. Nat. Biog., a. v. Phiups, Robert; Gillow. Bibl. Diet. Eng.

Cath., s. V. Edwin Burton.

Phillips, George, canonist, b. at Konigsberg, 6 Sept., 1804; d. at Vienna, 6 September, 1872, was the son of James Phillips, an Englishman who had acquired wealth as a merchant in Konigsberg, and of a Scotchwoman nee Hay. On completing his course at the gj'mnasium, George studied law at the L'niver- sities of Berlin and Gottingen (1822-24) ; his principal teachers were von Savigny and Eichhorn, and, under the influence of the latter, he devoted himself mainly to the study of Germanic law. After obtaining the degree of Doctor of Law at Gottingen in 1824, he paid a long \asit to England. In 1826 he qualified at Berlin as Privatdozenl (tutor) for German law, and in 1827 was appointed professor extraordinary' in this faculty. In the same year he married Charlotte Housselle, who belonged to a French Protestant family settled in Berlin. Phillips formed a close friendship with his colleague K. E. Jarcke, professor at Berlin since 1825, who had entered the Catholic Church in 1824. Jareke's influence and his own searching stuches into medieval Germany led to the conversion of Phillips and his wife in 1828 (14 May). Jarcke ha-s-ing re- moved to Vienna in 18.32, Phillips accepted in 1833 a call to Munich as counsel in the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior. In 1834 he was named professor of historj-, and a few months later professor of law at the University of Munich. He now joined that circle of illustrious men including the two Gorres, Mohler, Dollinger, and Ringseis, who, filled with enthusiasm for the Church, laboured for the renewal of the reli- gious life, the defence of Catholic rights and religious freedom, and the revival of Catholic scholarship. In 1838 he founded with Guido Gorres the still flourishing militant "Historischpolitische Blatter". His lectures, notable for their excellence and form, treated with unusual fullness subjects connected with ecclesiastical interests. In consequence of the Lola Montez affair, in connexion with which Phillips signed, ■nith six other Munich professors, an address of sympathy with the dismissed minister Abel, he was relieved of his chair in 1847. In 1848 he was elected deputy of a Munster district for the National Assembly of Frankfort, at which he energetically upheld the Catholic interests. In 18.50, after declining a call as professor to Wlirzburg, he accepted the chair of German law at Innsbruck, and there resumed his academic activity. Invited to fill the same chair in Vienna in 1851, he removed to the Austrian capital, and remained there until his death. Once (1862-7) he accepted a long leave of absence to complete his " Kirchenrecht ". He always maintained his relations with his friends in Munich and other cities of Germany, and never relaxed his activity in furthering Catholic interests. As a writer, his labours lay in the domain of German law, canon law, and their respective his- tories. At first his activity was directed mainly to the first-mentioned, his principal contributions on the subject being: "Versuch einer Darstellung des angel- sachsischen Rechtes" (Gottingen, 1825); "Englische Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte", of which two volumes