Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12.djvu/49

 PHIUPS

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PHILISTINES

and events of his time. There is an English Life by Hope (Lon- don, New York. Cinoinnati. Chicago). An abridged Enghah translation of Bacci appeared in penal times (Paris. 1656). a fact which shows our Catholic forefathers' continued remembrance of the saint, who used to greet the English College students with the words. "Salvete, flores martyrum." F.vbeh's Modern Saints (1847) includes translations of an enlarged ed. of B.vcci. and of Ricci's Lives of the Companions, Of the former there is a new and revised edition by AxTKOBua (London, 1902). Capecel.\tro'3 work has been translated by Pope (London, 1882). English ren- derings of two of St. Philip's sonnets by RynER are published at the end of the recent English editions of Bacci and Capecelatro, together with translations of St. Philip's letters. These were originally published in Biscoxi's RaccoUa di lettere di santi e beati Fio'rentini (Florence, 1737); but since that time twelve other letters have come to light.

C. Sebastian Ritchie.

Philips, Peter (also known as Petrus Philippds, PiETRO Phillipo), b. in England about 1560; date and place of death unknown. It is generally accepted that Philips, remaining faithful to the Church, left England for the Netherlands, whence he went to Rome, and afterwards, returning to Antwerp, became organist at the Court of the governor, Duke Albert. Having entered Holy orders, he held a canonry at Bethune, in Flanders, which he exchanged for a similar honour at Soignes in 1612. It has been pointed out that the title-pages of his published works are the best index to his movements and abiding places, and they are various. Philips ranks in importance as a musi- cian with Tallys, Byrd, Morley, and Orlando Gibbons, and is considered one of the great masters of his time. Besides canzoni and madrigals for six and eight voices, he left innumerable instrumental works which have been preserved in the libraries of Antwerp, Leyden, Strasburg, and London. Nineteen of these are con- tained in "The Fitz-William Virginal Book" by J. A. FuUer-Maitland and W. B. Squire. To the Church, however, Philips devoted his best efforts. Besides single numbers found in various collections of his period, a volume of five-part motets; another of sim- ilar works for eight voices; "Gemmulae sacrae" for two and three voices and figured bass; "Les rossignols spirituels", a collection of two- and four-part pieces, some to Latin words, but most of them to French; "Delicis sacrae", forty-one compositions for two and three parts, are preserved in the British Museum. The library of John IV of Portugal contains Philips's posthumous works — masses for six, eight, and nine voices, and motets for eight voices. His "Cantiones sacrce" have recently been made available for modern use, and have been added to the repertoire of the choir of Westminster Cathedral.

Bergmaxs, L'Organiste des archiducs Albert et Inabelle (Ghent, 1903) : Squire in Grove, Dictionary of Music, s. v.

Joseph Otten.

Philip the Arabian (Philippcs), Emperor of Rome (244-249), the son of an Arab sheik, b. in Bosra. He rose to be an influential officer of the Roman army. In 243 the Emperor Gordianus III was at war with Persia; the administration of the army and the em])ire were directed witn great success by his father-in-law Timcsithcus. Timesitheus, how- ever, died in 243 and the lielplcss Ciordianus, a minor, appointed Marcus Julius Philii)pus as his successor. By causing a scarcity of provisions Philip increased the exasperation of the soldiers against the emperor and they proclaimed Philip emperor. Philip now had Gordianus secretly executed. However, as he erected a monument to Ciordianus on the Euphrates and deified him, he deceived the Senate and obtained recognition as emperor. He abandoned the advan- tages Timesitheus had won from the Persian King Sapor. He withdrew from Asia, and recalled a large number of divisions of the army from Dacia, Rhaetia, and Britain to northern Italy to protect it against incursions from the East. On account of invasions by the Capri he hastened to the lower Danube, where he was successful in two battles. Consequently on coins he bears the surname of Carpicus Maximus.

Philip gave high offices of State to his relations who misused these positions. He also made his son Philip, when seven years of age, co-ruler. The most impor- tant event of his reign was the celebration of the thousandth year of the existence of Rome in April, 248.

The insecurity of his authority in the outlying dis- tricts showed itself in the appearance of rival em- perors proclaimed by the legions stationed there. The Goths sought to settle permanently- in Roman terri- tory; and as the armj' of the Danube could not defend itself without a centralized control, the soldiers, at the close of 248, forced Decius, sent to suppress the mutinies, to accept the position of emperor. Decius advanced into Italy, where he defeated Philip near Verona. Philip and his son were killed. During Philip's reign Christians were not disturbed. The emperor also issued police regulations for the main- tenance of public morality. A statement of St. Je- rome's caused Philip to be regarded in the Middle Ages as the first Christian Emperor of Rome.

MoMMSEN, R6m. Gesch. V (BerUn, 1885) ; for further bibli- ography, see Pertinax. KaRL HoEBER.

Philistines (STI'^^2; LXX tpvXta-nd/j. in the Pen- tateuch and Josue, elsewhere a\\i(pv\oi, "foreign- ers"). In the Biblical account the Philistines come into prominence as the inhabitants of the maritime plain of Palestine from the time of the Judges onward. They are mentioned in the genealogj- of the nations (Gen., X, 14; cf. I Par., i, 11, 12), where together with the Caphtorim they are set down as descendants of Mesraim. It is conjectured with probability that they came originally from Crete, sometimes identified with Caphtor, and that they belonged to a piratical, seafaring people. They make their first appearance in Biblical history late in the period of the Judges in connexion with the prophesied birth of the hero Samson. The angel appearing to Saraa, wife of Manue of the race of Dan, tells her that, though barren, she shall bear a son who "shall begin to deliver Israel from the hands of the Philistines" (Judges, xiii, 1-5); and we are informed in the same passage that the domination of the Philistines over Israel had lasted forty years. In the subsequent chapters graphic accounts are given of the encounters between Samson and these enemies of his nation who were encroaching upon Israel's western border. In the early days of Samuel we find the Philistines trying to make them- selves masters of the interior of Palestine, and in one of the ensuing battles they succeeded in capturing the Ark of the Covenant (I Kings, iv). The coming of a pestilence upon them, however, induced them to return it, and it remained for many \-ears in the house of Abinadab in Cariathiarim (I Kings, v; vi; vii). After Saul became king the Philistines tried to break his power, but were imsuccessful, chiefly owing to the bravery of Jonathan (I Kings, xiii; xiv). Their progress was not, however, permanently checked, for we are told (I Kings, xiv, 52) that there was a "great war against the Philistines all the days of Saul", and at the end of the latter's reign we find their army still in possession of the rich plain of Jezrael including the city of Bethsan on its eastern border (I Kings, xxxi, 10). They met with a severe defeat, however, early in the reign of David (II Kings, v, 20-25), who suc- ceeded in reducing them to a state of vassalage (II Kings, viii, 1). Prior to this date the power of the Philistines seems to have been concentrated in the hands of the rulers of the cities of Gaza, Ascalon, Azotus (Ashdod), Accaron, and Geth, and a peculiar title signifying "Lord of the Philistines" was borne by each of these petty kings. The Philistines re- gained their independence at the end of the reign of David, probably about the time of the schism, for we find the Kings of Israel in the ninth century en- deavouring to wrest from them Gebbethon, a city