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FRAXEDES

where lectures are generally given in Latin, on ac- count of the opposition of Cardinal Schwarzenburg. Under Schwarzenburg's successor, Cardinal Count Schonborn, this faculty was also divided in the winter semester of 1891-2, while the archiepiscopal semi- nary for priests remained mixed in nationality. The sum of 93,000 kronen is required for the maintenance of the 150 students of this seminary — i. e. about 620 kronen apiece (a krone is twenty cents). Of this amount 32,043 kronen come from the revenues of the seminary; the rest is granted by the State. The separation and the constantly increasing needs of the work of teaching make new buildings necessary. Two new university buildings to replace the inade- quate Carolinum are in course of construction.

II. Present Condition. — In the winter semester of 1909-10 the German Karl-Ferdinand University had 1778 students; these were divided into: 58 theo- logical students, for both the secular priesthood and religious orders; 755 law students; 376 medical; 589 philosophical. Among the students were about 80 women. The professors were divided as follows: theology, 7 regular professors, 1 assistant professor, 1 docent; law, 12 regular professors, 2 assistant pro- fessors, 4 docents; medicine, 15 regular professors, 19 assistant, 30 docents; philosophy, 30 regular professors, 8 assistant, 19 docents, 7 lecturers. The budget for the year (not including building expenses) was: 1,612,246 kronen ($322,450) for regular ex- penses, 94,534 kronen for e.xtraordinary expenses. The student associations, copied from those in the German Empire, are highly developed. The prin- cipal ones are: the "Reading and Debating Club of the German Students", founded in 1848, with about 500 members; the "Germania", founded in 1892, with 600 members (both Liberal associations); the Catholic association, "Academia", founded in 1909, with over a hundred members. In the face of over twenty student corps which have colours of their own and favour duelling, the three Catholic corps with about a hundred active members have a difficult position; yet they continually increase in number. In aid of the students there is a German students' home with a hundred rooms and a students' commons. The Bohemian Karl-Ferdinand University in the winter semester of 1909-10 included 4319 students; of these 131 were theological students belonging both to the secular and regular clergy; 1962 law students; 687 medical; 1539 philosophical; 256 students were women. The professors were divided as follows: theological faculty, 8 regular professors, 2 docents; law, 12 regular, 7 assistant professors, 12 docents; medicine, 16 regular professors, 22 assistant, 24 docents; philosophy, 29 regular, 16 assistant, 35 docents, 11 lecturers. The annual budget amounts to 1,763,790 kronen ($352,758) for regular expendi- tures, and 117,760 kronen for extraordinary expendi- tures, without including building expenses. The theological faculty is temporarily housed in a private residence. The "Academic Reading Society" (Akademick^ Stendfsk^ spolek) is Liberal in religion, the "Svaz cesko-slovanas-k6ho studentstva-" is more radical still. In comparison with these the Catholic associations are comparatively weak. They are: "Druistvo ArnoSta z Pardubie" (100 to 200 mem- bers), "Ccska akademicka Liga", and the Slavonic "Dan". In addition to the HIaska house of studies for students, there is a Catholic home for students founded by Ernst von Pardiibitz. The library com- mon to both universities, and to which the public is also admitted, contains 375,630 volumes; among these are 3921 manuscripts, and 1523 early printed books. The expenses of the library for 1910 were 178,509 kronen ($35,702).

TOMAK.Geac*. der Prager (Juu'cr.iitdl (Prague. 1840) ; iDEM.Gesch, von Praa (12 vole., Prague. 18,')5-1901), in Bohemian; Zschokka, TheologUcht Sludien und Ansliillen im Oslerreich (Vienna, 1894). 167-219; £rmamn-Horn, Bibtiographia der deutschen t/ni-

tersitaten. II (Leipzig, 1904). nn. 14790 sqq.; Die Karl-Ferdi- nands- Universitm in Prag 1S48-1S9S (Prague, 1898) ; Prag alt deutscher Hochschulatadt t2ndeid., Prague, 1910); Rashdall, Uni- versities of the Middle Ages, II (Oxford, 1895t.

Karl Hilgenreiner. Prato. See Pistoia and Prato, Diocese of.

Prazeas, an early anti-Montanist, is known to us only by TertuUian's book "Adversus Praxean". His name in the list of heresies appended to the "De Prjescriptionibus " of that writer (an anonymous epitome of the lost "Syntagma" of Hippolytus) is a correction made by some ancient diorthotes for Noetus. Praxeas was an Asiatic, and was inflated with pride (says Tertullian) as a confessor of the Faith because he had been for a short time in prison. He was well received at Rome (c. 190-98) by the pope (Victor, or possibly ZephiiTinus). The latter pope had decided to acknowledge the prophetic gifts of Mon- tanus, Prisca, and Maximilla (if we may believe Tertullian). The intention had been sufficiently public to bring peace to the Churches of Asia and Phrygia — so much depended on the papal sanction; but Praxeas prevailed upon the pope to recall his letter. He came to Carthage before Tertullian had renounced the Catholic communion (c. 206-8). He taught Monarchian doctrine there, or at least doctrine which Tertullian regarded as Monarchian: "Patrem cruci fixit; Paraclitum fugavit" — "Having driven out the Paraclete [Montanus], he now cruci- fied the Father". He was refuted, evidently by Ter- tullian himself, and gave an explanation or recanta- tion in wTiting, which, when Tertullian wrote several years afterwards, was still in the hands of the au- thorities of the Carthaginian Church, the "carnal", as he affects to call them. When Tertullian wrote he himself was no longer in the Church; Monarchian- ism had sprung up again, but he does not mention its leaders at Rome, and directs his whole argument against his old enemy Praxeas. But the arguments which he refutes are doubtless those of Epigonus and Cleomenes. There is little reason for thinking that Praxeas was a heresiarch, and less for identifying him with Noetus, or one of his disciples. He was very likely merely an adversarj' of the Montanists who used some quasi-Monarchian expressions when at Carthage, but afterwards withdrew them when he saw they might be misunderstood. On the identification by Hagemaa of Praxeas with Caliistus, see Monar-

CHIANS.

For bibliography see Monarchians; also D'Aiijs, La thio-

logie de Terlullien (Paris, 1908).

John Chapman.

Prazedes and Pudentiana, martyrs of an un- known era. The seventh-century itineraries to the graves of the Roman martyrs mention in the catacomb of Priscilla two female mart^-rs called Potentiana (Potenciana) and Praxedis (Pra.xidis). They occupied adjoining graves in this catacomb (De Rossi, "Roma Bott.", I, 176-7). Of the various MSS. of the "Mar- tyrologium Hieronymianum " only the Echternach Codex (Cod. Eptern.) gives the name of St. Praxedes on 21 July ("Martyrol. Hieronym.", ed. De Rossi- Duchesne, 94), but it looks like a later addition, and not as if it came from the fourth-century Roman Martyrology. St. Potentiana's name is found under 19 May in the Martyrology of Reichenau. Praxedes and Pudentiana were vencr.ated as martyrs at Rome. Later legends connect them with the founder of the old title-church of Rome, "titulus Pudentis", called also the "ecclesia Pudentiana". Legend makes Pudens a pupil of St. Peter, and Praxedes and Poten- tiana, his daughters. Later Potentiana became cus- tomarily known as "Pudentiana", probably because the "ecclesia Pudentiana" was designated as "eccl. sanctfe Pudentiante" and Pudentiana was identified with Potentiana. The two female figures offering their crowns to Christ in the mosaic of the apse in St.