Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12.djvu/389

 PRAGUE

339

PRAGUE

pope now dissolved his connexion with Prague and Adalbert died (997) a martyr in Prussia. Severus, sixth Bishop of Prague, was one of the retinue of Dulie Bfetislaw Achilles, who brought (1039) the relics of St. Adalbert from Gnesen to Prague. The ambitious Bfetislaw wished to be independent of Germany. It was his intention to make use of the Benedictine monastery of Sazawa, founded in 1037, with a Greek- Slavonic liturgy, as a national church; he appointed St. Procopius the first abbot of this monasterj-. .\ part of his plan was that Bishop Severus, as the lawful successor of St. Methodius, .should receive the pallium. As, however, the Polish Church complained of the robbery of the relics of St. Adalbert, the duke and bishop became involved in an investigation and they were condemned to found a monasterj' as penance. Bfetislaw established the collegiate chapter of Alt- bunzlau in 1096 and two years later founded Raigern, the first monastery in Mora^-ia. Raigern was united with Bfewnow. The next duke. Spitihnew, founded (1058) the collegiate church of St. Stephen at Leit- meritz. The Slavonic monks, who were replaced by Latin monks, were transferred to the monasteries of ^'esprim, ^'ysehrad, Csanad, and Arad. Nicholas II granted the duke the honour of "the mitre" (a cloak) for an annual paj-ment of one hundred marks; this honour was regarded as a sign of royal dignity. Spitihnew's brothers, Wratislaw II, who succeeded him, and Jaromir (Gebhard), who was appointed Bishop of Prague, were men very different in charac- ter. In 1063 the duke gave his consent to the estab- lishment of the Diocese of Olmiitz. The Bishop of Prague received compensation for what he lost in tithes and fiefs, and a monk named John, belonging to the monastery of Bfewnow, was appointed first Bishop of Olmiitz. The new bishop had much to suffer from Jaromir, who attacked and ill-treated him in his episcopal residence. Alexander II sent to Prague the legate Rudolphus, who held there a sj'nodal diet at which, however, Jaromir did not appear. Jaro- mir was declared to be deposed; Gregorj- VII sum- moned the contending bishops to Rome. At the Easter .sj'nod of 107-1, Jaromir expressed his regret for his ill-usage of John but was unwilling to jneld the fief of Podvin. The pope now wrote to Wratislaw that if necessarj' he should drive Jaromir away by force.

In the struggle over Investitures Wratislaw II and Jaromir supported Hem^' IV. After the death of Bishop John, Jaromir secured the union of Olmiitz with Prague (108.5-91), as his brother had received the title of king from Henrj- IV and consequently was entirely on the king's side. Wratislaw soon deserted the emperor and gave Olmiitz to his court chaplain \\'ecel (Andreas I), who was made bishop. Jaromir died at Gran, where he was preparing to fight his rival. After Weed's death Henrj- IV invested the canon Andreas at Mantua with the ring and crozier, but he was not consecrated until two years later. At Easter (113S) Bishop Henry of Olmiitz, called Zdik after his native town, entered the Premonstratensian Order in the church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. On his return, he persuaded the BLshop of Prague, John I, to bring Premonstratensians from Steinhof near Cologne and establish them at Strahow. Bitter con- tention arose between Zdik and his clergy when the princes of Moravia rebelled against Wladislaw II, Duke of Bohemia. Zdik adhered to the duke, and was, therefore, obliged to flee to Prague; after giving warnings in vain he placed the rebels and the land under loann and interdict, which were later removed by the legate Guido. He deposed ecclesiastics who had concubines. Ordinations were only permitted on definite conditions. Wladislaw supported the legate so vigorously that it was said of him that he had enforced clerical chastity throughout Bohemia. WTadislaw also granted Pod\'in in perpetuity to the

bishop and bestowed on him the right to have a mint. Lucius II invited Zdik to Rome. On the way he was attacked and robbed near Boscowicz, and escaped to Leitomischl. In 1143, Bishop Otto settled Cister- cians from Waldsassen at Sedlek. When the Second Crusade was preached Bishop Henry of Olmiitz was the subdelegate of St. Bernard for Bohemia and Moravia. Henry himself went to Pomerania, but soon returned unsuccessful. In 11.56. the Order of St. John of Jerusalem was introduced in the hospice of St. Mary near the Prague bridge. Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158 made Wladislaw a king in return for his aid against Lombardy. The right to crown the king was assigned to the Bishops of Prague and Ol- miitz. The Bohemian king and Bishop Daniel I supported Frederick in his bitter struggle with Alex- ander III. The king and bishop were excommuni- cated and when in 1167 the bishop died the clergy of Prague refused to recite the Ofhce for the Dead. It was during the quarrel between Duke Pfemysl Ottokar I and Bishop Henry Bfetislaw that Kacim, Bishop of Olmiitz, ordained deacons and priests at Prague in 1193 but forgot the lajdng on of hands. Two years later his successor, Engelbert, performed this part of the rite, but the cardinal legate Peter suspended the ordination and in 1197 the entire ordi- nation had to be repeated. At the renewed ordina- tion the cardinal legate insisted positively upon the vow of chastity. The candidates rebelled at this and Peter had to leave the church. Not long after, the legate succeeded in making a sjTiod pass his demands, and the prosperity of the Bohemian Church rapidly increased. About this time St. Hrozata founded the Premonstratensian Abbey of Tepl, which he entered. Pfemysl Ottokar I made Bohemia a hereditary kingdom, and independent of Germany; hence the Bishops of Prague and Olmiitz no longer received in- vestiture from the emperor but from the King of Bohemia. The cathedral chapter was to elect the bishop. Ottokar wished to make Prague an arch- bishopric with Olmiitz as its suffragan. Innocent III, however, had all the less reason to be gracious to the Bohemian king as Ottokar had just changed his po- litical adherence from Otto IV to Philip of Swabia, against the wishes of the pope. The first king who received Bohemia by inheritance desired to annul the immunity of the clergj' and take the church tithes for himself, while Bishop Andreas wished to enforce the decrees of the fourth Synod of Laberno. The king would not permit this. Andreas placed Bohemia un- der an interdict, the king cut off all the bishop's revenues. The pope commanded that Robert of Ol- miitz, who, in spite of the interdict, had celebrated Mass at Prague, should be punished. With the aid of a legate a fairly satisfactory agreement was reached (Concord of Skacenze, 1220). One of Ottokar's daughters, St. Agnes, corresponded with St. Clare of Assisi, and founded the convent of St. Clare, called later St. Agnes, in 123-1 at Prague; as soror major Agnes was the head of it. She also aided the founda- tion of the Order of the Knights of the Cross of the Red Star at Prague. While on his journey to Poland St. Hyacinth brought Dominicans to Prague, who established themselves in the monastery of St. Clement. Wenceslaus granted to the Franciscans the monastery of St. James in the Altstadt. Prague. Bohemian nobles who went to France became ac- quainted there with the Knights Templars. They introduced them into Bohemia and the order flour- ished to such extent that in 1240 Bohemia became a national prion,^ and Prague had two conmianderies, the Temple and St. Laurence. Church life flourished in Bohemia at this era; the country seemed "to breathe nothing but holiness". King Wenceslaus remained a firm adherent of Frederick II even after his deposition by the Council of Lyons. \n interdict was pronoimced over Bohemia and Bishop Nicholas