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 POWEL

330

POZZO

to abolish involuntary poverty is merely the proposal to enable every person to have a decent livelihood, and enjoy that reasonable and frugal comfort which Leo XIII declared to be the natural right of every wage-earner, and which, consequently, is the normal condition of every human being. It merely seeks to lift the lowest and weakest classes of the community to that level which Father Pesch believes is both desirable and practicable: "Permanent security in hving conditions which are in conformity with the contemporary state of civilization, and in this sense worthy of human beings" (op. cit. infra., II, 276).

Hunter, Poverty (New York, 1904); Devine, Misery and lis Causes (New York, 1909); Warner, American CAonites (New York, 1894) ; Booth, Life and Labour of the People %n London (London, 1889-1902) ; Rowntree, Poverty: A Study of Town Life (London, 1901); Hoeson, Problems of Poverty (London, 1899); Adams and Sumner, Labor Problems (New York, 1905); Seligman, Principles of Economics (New York, 1905) ; Dev.48. Political Economy (London, 1901); Antoine, Corns d economic sociale (Paris. 1899); Pesch, Lehrbuch der Nattonalokonomte (Freiburg, 1909).

John A. Ryan.

Powel, Philip, Venerable {alias Morgan, alias Prosser), martyr, b. at Tralon, Brecknockshire, 2 Feb., 1594; d. at Tyburn 30 June, 1646. He was the son of Roger and Catharine Powel, and was brought up to the law by David Baker, afterwards Dom Augustine Baker, O.S.B. At the age of sixteen he became a student in the Temple, London, but went to Douai three or four years later, where he received the Benedictine habit in the monastery of St. Gregory (now Downside Abbey, Bath). In 1618 he was or- dained priest and in 1622 left Douai for the English mission. About 1624 he went to reside with Mr. Poyntz of Leighland, Somersetshire, but, when the Civil War broke out, in 1645, retired to Devonshire, where he stayed for a few months with Mr. John Trevelyan of Yarnscombe and then with Mr. John Coffin of Parkham. He afterwards served for six months as chaplain to the Catholic soldiers in General Goring's army in Cornwall, and, when that force was disbanded, took ship for South Wales. The vessel was captured on 22 February, 1646; Father Powel was recognized and denounced as a priest. On 11 May he was ordered to London by the Earl of War- wick, and confined in St. Catherine's Gaol, Southwark, where the harsh treatment he received brought on a severe attack of pleurisy. His trial, which had been fixed for 30 May, did not take place till 9 June, at Westminster Hall. He was found guilty and was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn. At the instance of the Common Council of London the head and quarters were not exposed, but were buried in the old churchyard at Moorfields. The martyr's crucifix, which had formerly belonged to Fcckenham, last Abbot of Westminster, is preserved at Downside, with some of his hair and a cloth stained with his blood.

Relation du martyre de Philippe Powel. autrement dit le Pire Morgan, Religieux Btnidictin (Paris, 1647) ; Challoner, Mem- oirs of Missionary Priests, II (London, 1742), 297; Oliver, Col- lections Illustrating the History of the Catholic Religion in Cornwall, Devon, etc. (London. 1857), 20, 386; Weldon, ed. Dolan, Chron- ological Notes on the English Congregation of the Order of St. Benedict (Worcester, 1881), 186; Stanton, Menology of England and Wales (London, 1887), 295; Downside Review (London. 1882), I 346-52- XII, 239-48; Spillmann, Geschichte der Katholiken- verfolgung in England, 1635-1681, IV (Freiburg 1905), 309-13.

G. Roger Hddleston.

Powell, Edward, Blessed. See Thomas Abel, Blessed.

Poynter, William, b. 20 May, 1762, at Peters- field, Hants; d. 26 Nov., 1827, in London. He was educated at the English College at Douai, where he was ordained in 1786. He remained as professor, and afterwards prefect of studies till the college came to an end during the Terror. After undergoing eighteen months imprisonment, the collegians were set free, and relurnod to lOngland in March, 1795. Poynter with the students from the South went to

Old Hall, where he took a leading part in the founda- tion of St. Edmund's College, being first vice-presi- dent, then (1801-13) president. In 1803, Bishop Douglass of the London district being in declining health. Dr. Poynter was consecrated his coadjutor, remaining at the same time president of the college. On the death of Bishop Douglass in 1812, Bishop Poynter succeeded as vicar Apostolic. His position was rendered difficult by the persistent attacks of Bishop Milner in pamphlets and even in his pas- torals (see MiLNER, John). Dr. Poynter endured all Milner's accusations in silence, having the support of all the other English and Scotch bishops; but when in May, 1814, on the issue of the famous Quarantotti Rescript, which sanctioned all the "security" re- strictions, Milner went to Rome to obtain its re- versal. Dr. Poynter followed him there and wrote his "Apologetical Epistle" defending himself to Propaganda. Quarantotti's Rescript was with- drawn, and in its place was substituted a "Letter to Dr. Poynter", dated from Genoa, where the pope had taken refuge. A limited veto was sanctioned, but the exequatur was refused. Milner was directed to abstain from publishing pastorals or pamphlets against Dr. Poynter. He obeyed this injunction, but continued his attacks in letters to the "Ortho- dox Journal" until he was peremptorily prohibited by order of the pope, under pain of being deposed. During his episcopate Dr. Poynter paid four visits to Paris of several months each (1814, 15, 17, and 22), with the object of reclaiming the property of the colleges at Douai and elsewhere, which had been con- fiscated during the Revolution. He received the support of the Duke of Wellington and Lord Castle- reagh, and of the British commissioners appointed to deal with the claims. He succeeded eventually in recovering the colleges themselves and about £30,000 which had been kept in the names of the bishops, but the main claim amounting to £120,000 was lost. The French indeed paid it to the British commission- ers, but these refused to hand it over, on the plea that it would be applied to purposes considered by English law as "superstitious". The final de- cision was given in November, 1825. It is said that the disappointment of the failure of his long labours notably shortened the bishop's life. His principal works are: "Theological Examinations of Colum- banus" (London, 1811); "Epistola Apologetica", tr. by Butler (London, 1820), also appeared in Butler, "Hist. Mem.", 3rd edition; "Prayerbook for Catho- lic Sailors and Soldiers " (London, 1858); "Evidences of Christianity" (London, 1827); "New Year's Gift" in Directories (1813-28); numerous pamphlets, pastorals etc. There is a portrait of him by Ramsay (1803) at St. Edmund's College, another in "Catholic Directory" for 1829; also a bust by Turnerelli and another at Moorfields.

Cooper in Diet. Nat. Biog.; Gillow, Did. Eng. Cath.; KiRK, Biographies (London, 1909); Brady, Episcopal Succession (London. 1S77); A^mEKST. Cath. Emancipation (London, 1886); Ward Hist, of St. Edmund's College (London, 1S93) ; Idem, Catholic London a Century Ago (London, 1905); Idem, Dawn of Catholic Revival (London, 1909); Hosenbeth, Life of Milner (Dublin, 1802) ; Butler, Hist. Man. (3rd ed., London, 1822) ; Laity's Directory (1829); Cath. Miscellany: Orthodox Journal,

Bernard Ward.

Pozzo (PuTEUs), Andreas, Italian painter and architect of the Baroque period, b. at Trent, 1642; d. at Vienna, 1709. The greater part of his life was spent at Genoa, Rome, Turin, and Vienna. After his literary studies, he devoted himself to painting, and at twenty-four entered the Society of Jesus as a lay brother. After his death he was commemorated by a memoir and a medal. Pozzo was an unrivalled master of perspective; he used light, colour, and an architectural background as means of creating illu- sion. In the Baroque period, instead of employing