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bearer, cross-bearer, and acolj-tes then goes to the main altar. The bishop recites the prayers at the foot of the altar, puts on the maniple, and after kissing the altar and the book of gospels and incensing the altar, goes to the throne, where he ofhciates until the Offer- ton.-. His gloves are then removed; having washed his hands, he goes to the altar, and continues the Mass. The ceremonies are practically the same as for a solemn Alass; however, the bishop sings Pax vobis instead of Dominus vobiscum after the Gloria; he reads the Epistle, Gradual, and Gospel seated on the throne; gives the kiss of peace to each of his five chief ministers; washes his hands after the ablutions; sings a, special formula of the episcopal blessing, making three signs of the cross in giving it, and begins the last Gospel of St. John at the altar and finishes it while returning to the throne or to the vesting-place. In pontifical Requiem Mass the buskins and sandals, gloves, crosier, and seventh candle are not used. The bishop does not read the preparation for Mass and vest during terce, and he puts on the maniple before Mass begins.

A titular bishop usually officiates at the faldstool. He has no assistant deacons, their duties being per- formed by the deacon, subdeacon, and master of cere- monies; there is no seventh candle on the altar, and ordinarily the crosier is not used; he vests in the sacristy or at the faldstool; he recites the entire Gospel of St. John at the altar. The same parts of the Mass are said at the faldstool as at the throne. Some- times the ordinan,- celebrates pontifical Mass at the faldstool, without assistant deacons. Solemn Mass celebrated with some of the pontifical ornaments and ceremonies by abbots and prothonotaries is also called pontifical. That of abbots is similar to a bishop's Mass celebrated at the throne. Certain points of difference are explained in the Decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites of 27 September, 1659. The privileges and limitations in the use of the pon- tifical insignia by the different classes of prothono- taries are set forth in the Constitution of Pius X, "Inter multipUces curas" (21 February, 1905).

The solemn pontifical Mass celebrated by the pope in St. Peter's has some peculiar ceremonies. In the papal Mass a cardinal-bishop acts as assistant priest, cardinal-deacons are assistant deacons and deacon of the M.iss. an auditor of the Rota is subdeacon, there is a Greek deacon and a subdeacon, and the other offices are filled by the assistants to the pontifical throne, the members of the prelatical colleges, etc. The procession of cardinals, bishops, prelates, and those who compose the cuppella ponlificia vested ac- cording to their rank and in the prescribed order pre- cedes the Holy Father into St. Peter's. The pope, wearing the falda, amice, alb, cincture, pectoral cross, stole, cope (mantum), and tiara is carried into the basilica on the scdia gestaloria under the canopy and with the two.fldW/abomeon either side. Seven acolj-tes accompany the cross-bearer. The pope is received at the door by the cardinal-priest and the chapter, visits the Blessed Sacrament, and goes to the small throne for terce, where he receives the obedience of the cardinals, bishops, and abbots. \Miile the psalms are being chanted, he reads the prayers of the preparation for Mass, during which his buskins and sandals are put on, and then he sings the prayer of terce. .\fter that the vestments are removed as far as the cincture, and the pope washes his hands, and puts on the succinct- orium, pectoral cross, fanon, stole, tunic, dalmatic, gloves, chasuble, pallium, mitre, and ring. He does not use the crosier or the bugia. He then gives the kiss of peace to the last three of the cardinal-priests.

The Epistle is sung first in Latin by the Apostolic subdeacon and then in Greek by the Greek sub- deacon, and likewise the Gospel first in Latin by the cardinal-deacon and then in Greek by the Greek deacon. While elevating the Host and the chahce

the pope turns in a half circle towards the Epistle and Gospel sides, .\fter he has given the kiss of peace to the assistant priest and assistant deacons, he goes to the throne, and there standing receives Communion. The deacon elevates the paten containing the Host covered with the asterisk, and places it in the handa of the subdeacon, which are covered with the linteum pectorale, so that the subdeacon can bring it to the throne, then the deacon elevates the chalice and brings it to the pope at the throne. The pope consumes the smaller part of the Host, and communicates from the chalice through a little tube called the fistula. He then divides the other part of the Host, gives Com- munion to the deacon and subdeacon, and gives them the kiss of peace, after which he receives the wine of the purification from another chalice and purifies hia fingers in a little cup. The deacon and subdeacon, having returned to the altar, partake of the chahce through the fistula, the subdeacon consumes the particle of the Host in the chalice, and both the deacon and the subdeacon consume the wine and the water used in the purification of the chalice. The pope re- turns to the altar to finish the Mass. .\fter the bless- ing the assistant priest publishes the plenarj- indul- gence. At the end of the last Gpspel the pope goes to the sedia geslatoria, puts on the tiara, and returns in procession as he had entered.

Ctrremoniale episcoporum (Ptatisbon, 1902) ; C.^talan'us, C(Fre~ moniale episcoporum commentariis iUustratum CRome, 1744); Martintjcci, Manuale sacrarum cceremoniarum (Rome. 1879); Le V.vvasseur, Le3 fonctions poniificales (Paris, 1904) ; F.vvrix. Praxis solemnium funclionum episcoporum cum appendicibus pro abbatibus miiratis et protonotariis apostolicis (KatisboD, 1906); Db Herdt, Praxis porUificalis (Louvain, 1904); Saraiva, C(eremo~ niale pro missa et vesperis pojilificalibus ad faldist&rium (Rome, 1898): Menghini. Ritus in pontificalibus celebrandis a prolo- notariis apostolicis servandus (Rome, 1909) ; Idem, Le soleiini ceremonie della messa pontificale celebrata dal sommo po?Uefice (Rome, 1904): Rin.vldi-Bucci, Cferemoniale missce qute a sumrno pontijice celebratur (RatUbon, 1SS9) ; Georgi, De liturgia romani pontificis in sotemni celebratione missarum (Rome, 1731).

J. F. GOGGIN.

Pontigny, Abbey of, second daughter of Citeaux, was situated on the banks of the Serain, present Dio- cese of Sens, Department of Yonne. Hildebert (or Ansius), a canon of .-Vuxerre, petitioned St. Stephen of Citeaux to found a monastery in a place he had se- lected for this purpose. St. Stephen in 1114 sent twelve monks under the guidance of Hugh of Macon, a friend and kinsman of St. Bernard. The sanctity of their lives soon attracted so great a number of sub- jects that during the hfetime of the first two abbots, Hugh and Guichard, twenty-two monasteries ^were founded. So great an array of episcopal sees in France were filled by men taken from its members, and to such a number of renowned personages did it offer hospi- tality, that it was called the "cradle of bishops and the asylum for great men ". Amongst the former must be mentioned particularly Blessed Hugh of Macon, Bishop of Auxerre (d. Hoi) ; Gerard, Cardinal Bishop of Pra>neste (d. 1202); Robert, Cardinal Titular of St. Pudentiana (d. 1294); amongst the latter are mentioned especially three Archbishops of Canter- burj', St. Thomas, Stephen Langton, and St. Edmund, who was interred there. Discipline gradually became relaxed, especially from 1456, when the abbey waa given in commendam. In 1569 the monastery waa pillaged and burnt by the Huguenots, nothing being saved, except the relics of St. Edmund. Partly restored, it continued in existence until suppressed at the French Revolution. It is now in charge of the Fathers of St. Edmund, established there by J.-B. Muard in 1S43.

Jongeuncs, Xotitia Abbatiarum 0. Cist. (Cologne, 1(>40) ; Manrique, Annates Cisler. (Lyons, 1642); Le Xain, Es^ai de IHist. de VOrdre de CUeaux (Paris, 1696); MARTtsE and Du- HAND, Voyage tilt. (Paris, 1716) ; Kobler, KlSster d. Mitlelalters (Ratisbon, 1867); Henrt, Hist, de Pontigny (Auxerre, 1S39); Mabillox, Annates 0. S. Benedicti, V (Luoques, 1740); Gallia Christiana, XII; Janauschee, Originum (Vienna, 1877).

Edmoxd M. Obrecht. f