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 PONTIFICALE

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PONTIFICALIA

under the care of the Sons of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, for African Missions.

Pontifical College Josephinum at Columbus, Ohio, founded at Pommery (1875) by Joseph Jessing as an orphan asylum, was transferred to Columbus in 1877. In 18S8 a high-school, in which the sons of poor parents of German descent could be prepared for philosophical and theological studies, was added. The philosophical faculty was established the fol- lowing year, and later the theological faculty. In 1892 Jessing transferred his college to the Holy See, and it became a pontifical institution on 12 .December, 1892. The college has developed rapidly and its financial basis is substantial and steadily in- creasing. The priests educated there are under obligation to engage in diocesan parish work in the United States. The entire training of the students is at the expense of the institution and is bilingual, German and English. The number of scholarships is now one hundred and eighteen, but it is not com- plete. B}' a decree of the Congregation of the Con- sistory (29 July, 1909), the institution was to remain under the jurisdiction of the Propaganda only for matters relating to property, etc. otherwise being dependent upon the Congregation of the Consistory. By a decree of the same congregation, 18 June, 1910, all priests ordained in future in the Josephinum are to be assigned to the various dioceses by the Apostolic Delegate in Washington, D. C. For the American College of the Immaculate Conception, see American College, The, At Louv.\in. For the Irish College at Paris see Irish Colleges on the Contin ent. The English College at Valladolid (St. Albans) was founded through the co-operat ion of the celebrated Jesuit Robert Persons with Philip II. Itspurpose was to aid in saving the Catholic Church in England. Clement VIII con- firmed the foundation by a Bull of 2.5 April, 1592. In 1767 the English colleges at Madrid and Seville were united with this institution. The English College at Lisbon was established by a Portuguese nobleman Pedro do Continho before 1G22 and was con- firmed on 22 September, 1622, by Gregory XV, and on 14 October, 1627, by Urban VIII. The Scotch College at Valladolid was first established in 1627 at Madrid, where the Scotch founder, William Semple, and his Spanish wife Maria de Ledesma lived. In 1767 the property of the college fell to the Irish Col- lege at Alcales de Henares, but in 1771 was restored to the Scotch College, which got a new lease of life by its transfer to Valladolid.

For the College of All Hallows at Dublin, see All Hallows College. St. Joseph's Seminary at Mill Hill, London, founded by Cardinal Vaughan in 1886, belongs to the Society of St. Joseph; it pre- pares missionaries for the foreign field. Connected with it are the two institutioas at Rozendaal in Holland and at Brixen in the Tyrol. The Papal Seminary at Kandy, Ceylon, a general seminary for training native Indian priests, was founded and endowed by Leo XIII in 1893, and is under the im- mediate supervision of the delegate Apostolic for Eastern India. The Papal Albanian College at Scutari was founded in 1858 with money given by the Austrian Government, which had inherited from the Venetian Republic the duty of protecting the Chris- tians in Albania. Soon after its erection it was de- stroyed by the Turks. The new building (ready for use in 1862) serves also for training Servian and Macedonian candidates for the priesthood. The Austrian Government has endowed twenty-four scholarships and the Propaganda ten. The Leonine Seminary of Athens was founded by Leo XIII on 20 November, 1901, to train Greeks for the Latin priesthood. The Seminary at Milan for Foreign Missions was founded in 18.50. The Seminary at Lyons for African Missions, founded in 1856, is connected with four Apostolic schools; it has laboured

with great success in Africa. The Brignole-Sale College, founded in 1855 by the Marquis Antonio Brignole-Sale and his wife Arthemisia, was confirmed by Pius IX. It has eight free scholarships for students from the dioceses of Liguria, and is con- ducted by the Lazarist Fathers for the training of missionaries. The Seminary of Paris, founded in 1663, for training men for the foreign mission field, is carried on by an organization of secular priests. It is the largest institution of this kind, and at the present time (1911) nearly 1500 of its graduates are missionaries. The General College at Pulo-Pinang for training a native clergy for Eastern Asia was founded by the seminary at Paris. The Veronese Institute at Verona founded in 1867 for missons among the negroes is at present, after many misfortunes and disappointments, in a fairly flourishing condition. For the sake of completeness there might be added to this list the seminary of the Fathers of the Immaculate Heart of Mary at Scheut near Brussels, the Maison- Carree of the White Fathers, in Algiers, and the in- stitutions of the Missionaries of Steyl at Steyl, Heiligkreuz, St. Wendel, St. Gabriel (and Rome). These, however, are to be regarded rather as monastic novitiates than as seminaries. The seminaries es- tablished in earlier times at Naples, Marseilles, and other places for the Asiatic peoples have either dis- appeared or the foundations have been diverted to other purposes.

Of the large bibliography for the English, Irish, and Scotch institutions we may cite the important work by Petre, Notices of the English Colleges and Convents, Established on the Continent, after the Dissolution of Religious Houses in England, ed. Husen- BETH (Norwich, 1849), issued for private circulation only. For most of the other institutions there are only scattered notes, annual reports, the Missiones Catholica; already mentioned, and articles in works of a general character. Catalogus omnium ccEnobiorum pertinentium ad subditos Regis Anglias in Belgio in BojANUS, Innocent XL Sa correspondance avec ses nonces 1676-9, I, 221-2, gives the most complete details concerning names and personnel of the English colleges. Cappello, De Curia Roniana juxta Reformation em a Pio X sapientissimo inductam, I (Rome, 1911),24S-53, where all the new rules are discussed at length.

Paul Maria Baumgarten.

Pontificale (Pontificale Romanum), a liturgical book which contains the rites for the performance of episcopal functions (e. g. conferring of confirmation and Holy orders), with the exception of Mass and Divine Office. It is practically an episcopal ritual, containing formularies and rubrics which existed in the old Sacramentaries and "Ordines Romani", and were gradually collected together to form one volume for the greater convenience of the officiating bishop. Such collections were known under the names of "Liber Sacramentorum", "Liber Officialis", "Liber Pontificalis", "Ordinarium Episcopale", "Benedic- tionale", etc. Among these medieval manuscript vol- umes perhaps the most ancient and most important for liturgical study is the Pontificale of Egbert, Arch- bishop of York (732-6), which in many respects re- sembles the present Pontifical. The first printed edi- tion, prepared by John Burchard and Augustine Patrizi Piccolomini, papal masters of ceremonies, was published (1485) in the pontificate of Innocent VIII. Clement VIII pubhshed a corrected and official edi- tion in 1596. In his constitution "Ex quo in Ecclesia Dei" he declared this Pontifical obligatory, forbade the use of any other, and jirohibited any modification or addition to it without papal permission. Urban VIII and Benedict XIV had it revised and made some additions to it, and finally Leo XIII caused a new typical edition to be published in 1888. (See Litur- gical Books.)

C-^TALANUs, Pontificate Romanum (Paris. 1850), an important commentary; Zaccaria, Bibtiotheca Rituatis (Rome, 1781).

J. F. QOQGIN.

Pontificalia (Pontificals), the collective name given for con\'enience sake to those insignia of the episcopal order which of right are worn by bishops