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POMPEIOPOLIS

Norenberg (fourteenth century). Finally the Duchesa Adelheid founded the Carthusian convent of Marien- kron near Koslin in 1394; it was first transferred to Schlawe, then in 1407 to Riigenwalde; in 1421 the Brigitine convent of Marienlcron was established at Stralsund. All these establishments contributed greatly to the extension of Christian and German civihzation, as did also the orders of knights, e. g., the Knights of St. John. Foundations for canons were made about 1200 at Kolberg, and in 1261 at Stettin.

In 1295 Dukes Otto and Bogislaw divided the coun- try into the two Duchies of Stettin and Wolgast; at later dates there were further divisions. The victory of German civilization in Pomerania was assured in the fourteenth century, and the diocese became dependent upon the dukes. The bishop was merely the first in the social order of prelates; and there were constant quarrels over the possession of the diocese and of the episcopal castles. In the fifteenth century conditions were in great disorder. During the years 1437-43 the University of Rostock, founded in 1419, withdrew from Rostock on account of quarrels between the council and the citizens, and settled at Greifswald. The mayor, Heinrich Rubenow, urged DukeWratislaw IX to establish a university at Greifswald, to which the duke agreed, gave some of his revenues for its support, and, aided by the abbots of tlie monasteries in Hither Pomerania, obtained from Callistus III a Bull of foundation, 29 May, 1456. In the first se- mester 173 students matriculated. At the same time a foundation for twenty canons, intended to furnish maintenance for new teachers, was united with the church of St. Nicholas. The university continued with increasing prosperity.

About 1400, heresy, caused by the Waldensians, developed in the province; Peter the Celestine came to Stettin to investigate the matter, and scattered the heretics in 1393. The sect of the "Putzkeller", con- cerning which there are only confused reports, appears also to be traceable to the Waldensians. Diocesan synods were held in 1433, 1448 (at Stettin), 1454 (at Giilzow and Kammin), 1492, and 1500. The statutes show a disorderly condition of morals, but earnest attempts to improve conditions. The first traces of Lutheranism appeared at Stralsund, and in the monas- tery of Belbuk, where Johannes Bugenhagen (Po- meranus), rector of the town-school and teacher of the monks, became acquainted with Luther's writing "De captivitate Babylonica"; he won over many priests to the new doctrine and in 1521 went to \\ittenberg. Preachers from other regions, and monks who had left their monasteries, found ready attention throughout the country, on account of the great social and eco- nomic discontent, and esiiecially t he freedom from taxes of the clergy and the cccli'.sia,stical jurisdiction. In 1525 Stralsund adopted Lutheranism, while Greifs- wald and Stargard remained true to the Faith, and other towns were divided between passionately con- tending parties. When Duke Barnim XI of Stettin, who had been a student at Wittenberg, and his nephew, Philip of Wolgast, joined the Lutheran party, its victory was assured.

A basis for the Lutheran Church of Pomerania was prepared by the Diet at Treptow on f h(- Uoga in 1534 with the aid of the rules drawn up \>y Bugenhagen. The prelates and some of the nobility i)rotcsted and left the diet; the towns gradually al)an(loned their opposition and accepted Bugcnhagcn's proposi- tions, and Bishop Erasmus ManteutTel, who main- tained his protest, died in 1544. The monasteries were suppressed (1535-6) and in 1539 the nobil- ity gave up; the dukes joined the Smalkaldic League but maintained an ambiguous position. The later church ordinance of 1563 established the strictest form of Lutheranism, and the first bishop was Bar- tholomiius Suawe (1546). In 154S lOiniicror Charles V claimed the diocese, as it belonged to the estates of

the empire. The dukes were obliged to accept the Interim, and after Suawe resigned, Martin Weiher became bishop in 1549, was recognized by Julius III, 5 Oct., 1551, and took his place as a prince of the empire. In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg gave the final victory to the evangelical party in Pomerania. After Weiher'sdeatli in 1556 the diocese came under the con- trol of the ruling princes, who filled t he see wit h members of their family. The Evangelical cathedral chapter with thirteen positions for worthy officials of the province and the Church continued to exist until 1810. The last duke, Bogislaw XIV, who from 1625 had ruled over the united Duchies of Stettin and Wolgast, died childless 10 March, 1637; the country then passed to Brandenburg, which by old treaties had the right of succession, but by the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) had to be content with Farther Pomerania; Hither Pomerania and Riigen were given to Sweden. The Lutheran bishop, Duke Ernest Bogislaw of Croy, gave the Diocese of Kammin to Brandenburg in 1650. By the Treaty of Stockholm of 1720, Hither Pomerania as far as the Peene was given to Brandenburg- Prussia; the rest of the province and the island of Riigen were obtained by Prussia in the treaty of 4 June, 1815.

In 1824 the seven hundredth anniversary of Pomerania's conversion to Christianity was cele- brated, and a monument was erected to Bishop Otto of Bamberg at Pyritz. Catholic parishes have devel- oped since the end of the eighteenth century from the military chaplaincies in the larger garrison towns. At the beginning these parishes were under the care of the Vicariate of the North German Missions. In 1821 they were placed under the Prince Bishop of Breslau, who gave their administration to the provost of St. Hedwig's at Berlin as episcopal delegate. At present (1911) there are two arch-presbyteries, Koslin and Stcttin-Stralsund. Koslin has nine parishes: Arns- walde, Griinhof, Koslin, Kolberg, Neustettin, Poll- now, Schivelbein, Stargard, Stolp. Stettin-Stralsund has eleven: Anklam, Bergen, Demmin, Greifswald, Hoppenwalde, Louisental, Pasewalk, Stettin, Stral- sund, Swinemtjnde, Viereck. The religious orders are represented only by the Sisters of St. Charles Borro- meo at Griinhof, Misdroy, Stettin, and Stralsund. The Catholics of the government district of Lauen- burg-Biitow, that formerly belonged to the Kingdom of Poland, form five parishes of the Diocese of Kulm; the provostship of Tcmpelburg in the government dis- trict of Koslin belongs to the Archdiocese of Posen. At the last census (1905) the Catholics of Pomerania numbered 50,206. The largest Catholic parishes are Stettin (8635 souls), Lauenburg (1475), Stargard (1387), Kolberg (1054), Greifswald (951), and Stolp (951).

Babthold, Gcsch. volt Pommern u. Riigen, I-V (Hamburg, 1839-45) ; Wehrmann, Gesch. von Pommern, I, II (Gotha, 1904- 06); Pommersches Urkundenbuch, I-V (Stettin, 1868-1903); Gemeindelezikon fur das Kdnigreich Preussen, IV (Berlin, 1908); Handbuck des Bistums Breslau u. seines Delegaturbezirks (Breslau, 1910) ; JANS3EN, Hist, of the German People, tr. Christie (Lon- don), passim.

Klemens Loffleb.

Pompeiopolis, titular see in Paphlagonia. The ancient niuwc of the town is unknown; it may have been Eupatciria which Pliny (VI, ii, 3), followed by Le (juien and Battandier, wrongly identifies with the Eupatoria of Mithridates. The latter was called Magnopolis by Porapey. Pompeiopolis was, v/ith Andrapa-Neapolis, in 64 B. c. included by Pompey in the Province of Pontus,but the annexation was prema- ture, as the town (which ranked as a metropolis) was restored to vassal princes of eastern Paphlagonia and definitively annexed to the Roman Empire in 6 B. c. Strabo (XIII, iii, 48) says that in the neighbourhood was a mine of realgar or sulphuret of arsenic, which was worked by criminals. As early as the middle of the seventh century the "Ecthesis" of Pseudo-