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 POLICASTRO

212

POLITI

w Ameryce" ("The Pole in America", Buffalo), are thoroughly Catholic; one published at Chicago is Socialistic; one, the "Zgoda" (Harmony), published at Chicago, is "neutral" and openly anti-clerical. The sensational Press, daily and weekly, constitutes the most demoralizing factor among the Ameiican Poles, brazenly defying every law of journalistic ethics, publishing every scandal under heavy display lines, bitterly attacking clergj-, religious communities, and parochial schools, comparable only to the lowest type of journalism of the Latin countries.

Of the Polish daily papers, the oldest is the " Dzien- nik Chicagoski", a" valiant defender of the Faith throughout the twenty years of its pubhcation. Jr^ith but short interruption, its guiding spirit from the be- ginning h;M been Stanislaus Szwajkart, one of the ablest CathoUc journahsts in the United States. Another daily, a tower of strength in the Catholic cause, is" Polakw Ameryce", for many years edited by Stanislaus Slisz, whose brilhant mind was equalled only by his uncompromising Cathohcism. The cir- culation is 14,000. . ,^, ,. ,^• ,

Ford, Centuri/ Magazine (Feb., 1902) ; Official Calhohc Directory (Milwaukee. 1911); Modjeska, Memories and Impressions, an Autobiography (Mew York, 1910): American Catholic Historical Researches (Januarj- and April, 1910); \a>.- Nobsun, Poland the Knight among Nations (New York 1907); Bai^b. Our Slaric Fellow-Citizens (New York, 1910); Steiser On the Trail of the Immigrant (New York, 1906); Idem. The Immigrant Tide, its Ebb and Flow (New York, 1909); Mato-Smith, Emigration and Immigration (New Y'ork. 190S); Reports of the Commissioner Ge!!^ of Immigration (WashiDgton, 1908, 1909 1910); Ticelfth Census of the Vnited States (Washington, ISO}:;^': Hf'-Von^: migration and its Effects upon the Imted States (New 'iork, 1908); Statesman's Y.yir Book (London, 1910) ; Dorset, lettere m the Chicago Tribune (Oct. and Nov., 1910); Wetl, The Outlook (.Apri\, 19im- Warse The Slav Invasion (Philadelphia, 1904); Kru- 8ZKA, Hwiorj/o Polska w Ameryce (Milwaukee, 1905-08); Osad.a, Historya Zu-iazku -V. P. (Chicago, 1905); Zahajkiewicz, Zlota Ksiega (Chicago, 1897); DtrxiKowsKi. TTsrori Polonnw Ameryce (Lemberg, 1893); Bujak, Gabcya (Lemberg, 1910); Szcze- PANOWSKi, Nedza, Galicyi w Cyfrach (Lemberg. 1888); Karbow- lAK, Dzieje Edukacyjne Polakow na Obczyznie (Lemberg, 1911); Osaba, O Stronniclwie Demokratyezno-Narodowym « Lidze Narodowej—Liga Narodowa a Polacy w Ameryce— Sokolstu-o Pohkie (Chicago, 1905); Sien-kiewicz. Listy z Podrozy(yfaTs^^ . 1894)- Pamiatka Srebrnego Jubileuszu Parafil Sw. Stanislawa Kostki w PiUsburgu (Pittsburg. 1901); Dzieje Parafil Sw Tr^ icy (Chicago. 1898); Pamiatka Srebrnego Jubileuszu Parafti Sw. Jozefa w Manistee (Manistee, 1909); Historya Parafil Sw. Jacka (La Salle, Illinois, 1900); BEBN.U.D, iJie folenfrage (Leipzig, 1910); Idem, Die Stadtpolitik in Gebiet des deutschpol- nischennationalitatenkampfes (Leipzig, 1909); Serocztnski, Con- Sessions of a Polish Priest in Catholic Standard and Times.

Felix Thomas Serocztnski.

Policastro, Diocese of (Policastrensis), in the province of .Salerno, Southern Italy. The city is situated on a hill that overlooks that gulf of the Tyrrhenian Sea, to which Policastro gives its name. It is the ancient Pituntia, and may be regarded as the continuation of the Diocese of Buxentum, the first known bishop of which was Rusticus (oOl), while another, Sabbadius, is mentioned in 649. San Pietro Poppa Carbone (1079), a Benedictine of Cava, re- signed after governing the diocese for a short while, and was succeeded by Arnaldo. In 1211 the Emperor Frederick II, disregarding the candidate of the chap- ter, wished to give this see to his physician, Jacopo but Innocent III appointed the regularly elected bishop. Other bishops of Policastro were: Gabnele Atilio (1471), a Latin poet; Urbano Felicio (1630), who held a synod, and was the author of several excel- lent works;" Fihppo Jacobio (16.52) remodelled the episcopal palace of Orsaca, where the bishops usually reside; Vincenzo de Svlva, O.P. (1672), remodelled the episcopal palace of Policastro; he was besieged in his palace of Orsaca by Count Fabrizio Carafa, on ac- count of his firmness in maintaimng the rights of his Church; Tommaso doUa Rosa (1679) restored the cathedral; Antonio della Rosa (170.5) restored the seminary. In the Diocese of S. Giovanni a Piro there was a Biisilian monasters'. Policastro is a .-iuffragan of Salerno; it h:u5 38 parishes, with 64,000 inhabitants; 2 religious houses of men, and 3 of women; 207 sec-

ular, 9 regular priests; 234 churches or chapels. Mgr Vescia is the present bishop.

Cappelletti, Le Chiese d'ltalia, XXL

U. Benigni.

Polignac, Melchior de, cardinal, diplomatist, and writer, b. of an ancient family of Auvergne, at Le Puy, France, 11 October, 1661 ; d. in Paris, 3 April, 1742. " He studied with great distinction at the College de Clermont and the Sorbonne. While still a young man, he was present at the conclave which elected Pope Alexander VIII in 1689; and he took part in the negotiations at Rome concerning the Declaration of 1682. In 1691 he assisted at the election of Innocent XII, and in 1693 was appointed ambassador extraor- dinary to Poland. Here he won the favour of John Sobieski, and succeeded in having the Prince de Conti chosen as Sobieski's successor. Through Conti|s dilatoriness, the election proved ineffectual, and Louis XIV, blaming Polignac, ordered him to return to his Abbey of Bon-Port. In 1702, however, he was granted two new abbeys and in 1706 sent to Rome, with Cardinal de la Tremoille, charged to settle the affairs of France with Clement XL Between 1710 and 1713 he energetically supported French interests at the Conferences of'Gertruydenberg and the Congress of Utrecht, and in 1713 was made cardinal. Com- promised in Cellamare's conspiracy, he was ban- ished, in 1718, to his abbey of Auchin, in Flanders. In 1724 he was again placed in charge of French in- terests at Rome and assisted at the conclave which elected Benedict XIII. For eight years he repre- sented his countrj- at the Court of Rome, occupied with the difficulties arising out of the Bull "Unigeni- tus", and returned to France in 1730, having been Archbishop of Auch since 1724.

Devoted to art and literature, and the collection of medals and antiques, PoUgnac became a member of the Academy in 1704, succeeding Bossuet. His addresses, sometimes deUvered in Latin as correct and fluent as his French, were much admired. His great work, "Anti-Lucretius", a poem in nine books (Paris, 1745), offers a refutation of Lucretius and of Bayle, as well as an attempt to determine the nature of the Supreme Good, of the soul, of motion, and of space. His philosophical \-iews — generally similar to those of Descartes — are questionable, but the poem is, in form, the best imitation of Lucretius and Virgil extant. „

Charlevoix in Memoires de Tretoux (June. 1(42); Faccheh, Vie du card, de Polignac (Paris, 1777) ; de Boze, Histoxre de I Aca- demic des inscriptions.

J. Lataste.

Politi, Lancelot, in religion Ambrosius Catha- Rixus, b. at Siena, 1483; d. at Naples, 1553. At sixteen he became Doctor of Civil and Canon Law (j.U.D.) in the academy of Siena. After visiting many academies in Italy and France he was ap- pointed (1508) a professor at Siena, and had among his pupils Giovanni del Monte, afterwards Pope Julius III, and the celebrated Sixius of Siena, a con- verted Jew who esteemed his master, yet severely criticized some of his writings. About 1513 he entered the Order of St. Dominic in the convent of St. Mark, at Florence. He studied Scripture and theology with- out a master. This may account for his independence, and his defence of opinions which were singular, espe- cially in regard to predestination, the certitude of possessing grace, the residence of bishops in their dio- ceses, and the intention required in the minister of a sacrament. He was a strenuous defender of the Faith against Luther and his followers; and was prominent in the discussions of the Council of Trent, to which he w:is called hv his former pupil. Cardinal del Mont^, 1,'gatc of I'aiil III. In the third public session (4 Feb- ruary, 1.546), Catharinus pronounced a notable cUs- course, later published ["Oratio ad Patres Cone.