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 FOLDING

201

POLE

Kraszewski was still continuing to write with uncom- mon power (though at his age progress was out of the question) when Henryk Sienkiewiez came to (he front. After a few short tales and sketches he took the field with his immortal trilogy: "With Fire and Sword", "The Flood", "Pan Wolodyjowski". To these he added "Without Principle", and "The Polaniecki Family", novels of contemporary life. He then pub- lished "Quo Vadis" and, reverting to national themes, brought out "The Teutonic Knights" and "On the Fields of Glory". Around him sprang up many another author of very considerable talent. There were Eliza Orzeszko (On the Xiemen), Prus ("The Outpost", "The Doll"), SzjTnanski (Sketches), Rodziewicz (De- wajtys), Ladislaus Lozinski (The Madonna of Buso- wisk). Among the most recent are Zeromski ("The Homeless Ones", "Ashes", "The History of a Sin"), Rejmont (Pea-sants), and Przybj-szewski (Homo Sapiens). At the end of the nineteenth century there came a decided change, especially in the drama, under the influence of Impressionists and Sj-mbolists — of Alaeterlinck, Ibsen, Hauptmann, and Sudermann: the prose drama, often coarsely realistic, endeavoured to solve problems of real life; the poetical and tragical drama tried to create new forms and a symbolic at- mosphere. Stanislaus Wj-spianski, who died lately, is the principal and most successful exponent of this latter school, but John Kasprowicz has at the same time produced beautiful plaj-s of his own and fine translations of Shakespeare and .Eschylus.

Such is, in brief, the history of Polish literature — remarkable in that, during the last century, and in spite of the cruel disasters which overtook the nation, it not only maintained itself, but showed a most won- derful and consoling vitality of development ; remark- able, too, for the high ideal of uprightness and nobility of mind which the nation, notwithstanding many shortcomings, constantly set up for itself from the time of Dlugosz down to our own. It has fully under- stood, even when it has failed to fulfil, the idea of Christian ci\'iUsation.

Chmielowski, Hislorya Literatury Polskiej (Warsaw, 1900); Bruckner. liistorya LUeratury PoUkiej (Warsaw, 1896) : Tar- NOWSKi, Wypisy Polskie (Cracow, 1910); Idem, HistoTya Literatury Polskiej (Cracow, 1905); Idem, Ksiadz Wale-

ryan Kalinka (Cracow, 1SS7); N, Stanislaw Kozmian

(Cracow, 1885); Porebowicz, St, Kozmian i jego przeklady azekspira (Warsaw, 1885): Anox., Jan Kozmian (Cracow, 1877); Kraszewski, Zywot i dziela ig. Krasickiego (Warsaw, 1879); Nehring, Poezye Krasickiego (Posen. 1884) ; Chmielowski, Charakteryatyka Ig. Krasickiego (Cracow, 1886) ; Tretiak, Krasicki jako ^/rezydent trybunalu (Cracow, 1855) : Idem, O tatyrach Krasickiego (Cracow, 1896); Kurpiel, Przekonania religijne Krasickiego (Cracow, 1893) ; KLl.\czko, La poesie polonaise au XIX' siicte et le pokte anonyme in Renue des Deux Mondes (Jan.. 1862) ; Nehring. Nieboska Komedya i Irydion (Poaen, 1884); Chmielowski, Kobiety Mickiewicza, Slowackiego i Krasinakiego (St. Petersburg and Cracow, 1884); Hosice, Miloso w zycia Krasinskiego (Warsaw, 1899) ; Tretlak, Z. Krasin- aki w pierwszej dobie mlodosci (Lemberg, 1884) ; Tarn'Owski, Z. Krasinski (Cracow, 1892) ; Kallenbach, Mlodoso Z. Krasin- akiego (Cracow, 1892); Krzycki, Weclewski, Opoezyach Andrezja Krzyckiego (Cracow, 1874); Droba, Andrzej Krzycki (Cracow, 1879) : iiloRAWSKI, Corpus antiguissimorum poetarum Polonite Laiinorum (Cracow, 1888), Preface; Wladyslaw Mickiewicz, Zywot Adama Mickiewicza (Posen. 1890-95); Chmielowski. Adam Mickiewicz (Warsaw, 1886); Kallenbach. Adam Mickie- tcicz (Cracow, 1897); Tretiak. Mickiewicz w Wilnie i Kownie (Cracow, 1884); Gostomski, Arcydzie poezyi polskiej (Warsaw, 1898), and many others.

St. Tarnowski.

Folding, John Bede, Archbishop of Sydney, b. at Liverpool, 18 Oct., 1794; d. at Sydney, 16 March, 1877. In 180.5 he was sent to school at the Benedic- tine Monastery of St. Oregon.' at Acton Burnell near Shrewsbury (now Downside Abbey near Bath). In 1810 he received the Benedictine habit and made his vows the year following. He was ordained in 1819 and fiUedin turn the offices of pari.sh priest, prefect, novice- master, and sub-prior in his monastery. In 18.33 Prop- aganda selected Folding Vicar Apostolic of Madra-s, BLshopof Hiero-CcBsarea. It was pointed out, however, that his health could not stand the climate of Madras,

and the Holy See accepted this excuse as sufficient. About this time an appeal was made to the pope to send a bishop to New South Wales. Folding wa.s appointed to this newly-created vicariate which, besides New South Wales, included the rest of New Holland and Van Dieraan's Land (now Tasmania). The consecra- tion took place in London, 29 June, 1834.

Bishop Folding reached Sydney in September, 1835, and at once set to work to organize his vast diocese. He found only three priests in New South Wales and one in Tasmania; these with the three or four Bene- dictine monks whom he had brought with him consti- tuted the entire force at his disposal. Then, and for many years afterwards, he worked like one of his priests, saj'ing Mass daily in various stations, often in the convict prisons, teaching the Catechism, hearing the confessions of multitudes, and attending the sick and dying. He obtained permission to give retreats in the prison establishments, and between 1836 and 1841 no less than 7000 convicts made at least ten daj-s' retreat under his guidance. The authorities soon realized the good effect his influence was having, and arranged that, on the arrival of every ship-load of convicts, all the Catholics should be placed at his disposal for some days, during which the bishop and his assistants saw each prisoner personally and did all they could for them before they were drafted off to their various destinations. In 1841 Bishop Folding revisited Eng- land and thence went on to Rome to report on his vicariate and petition for the establishment of a hierarchy, which was granted in 1842, the \-icar A)>ostolic becoming first Archbishop of Sj-dney and Primate of all Australia. During this \'isit he was sent on a special diplomatic mission to Malta, and in recognition of his success therein was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and an assistant at the pontifical throne. In 1843 he returned to Sydney, taking with him a band of Christian Brothers, four Passionists, and some Benedictines. His return as archbishop aroused a violent storm among the Church of England party in the colony, but his gentle- ness and tact disarmed all opponents.

Two provincial synods were held, at Sydney in 1844 and at Melbourne in 18.59; he founded the Uni- versity College of St. John at Sydney and the College of St. Mar>', Ljmdhurst. He visited Europe in 184(>- 48, in 1854-56, and in 1865-68, returning on each oc- casion with new helpers in his work. In 1870 he started for Rome to take part in the Vatican Council, but his health failed on the journey and he returned to Sydney. In 1873 the Holy See appointed Dom Roger Bede Vaughan, another Downside monk, as his coad- jutor with right of succession, and from this time he gradually withdrew from active work.

Snow. Necrology of the English Benedictines (London. 1883), 171 ; BiRT. History of Downside School (London. 1902), 169, 198, 212, 273, 326; Idem, Benedictine Pioneers in Australia (2 vols., London. 1911) ; Orthodox Journal. Ill (London, 1834), 14; The Tab- let. XLIX (London, 1877). 406, 727; Catholic Times (London, 29 March. 1877); Melbourne Argus (Melbourne, 17 March. 1877); Downside Review, I (London, 1882), 91-102, 165-175, 241-249.

G. Roger Hudleston.

Pole, Reginald, cardinal, b. at Stourton Castle, Staffordshire, England, in March, 1500; d. at Lam- beth Palace, 17 Nov., 1558; third son of Sir Richard Pole, Knight of the Garter, and Margaret, daughter of George. Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV. From the beginning of his reign Henrj' VIII recog- nized him as a near kinsman and showed him special favour, while in 1513 he created his widowed mother Countess of Sahsburj-, an act of tardy reparation for the attainder and execution under Henry VII of her only brother Edward, Earl of Warwick. She was also made governess to the Princess Marj' in 1516 and we may assume that Pole's intimacy with the royal mistress whom he was afterwards to serve so de- votedly began before he left England. The boy received his early education in the Charterhouse at