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Societies (q. v.). In 1805 he received at Florence the unconditional submission of Scipione Ricci, the former Bishop of Pistoia-Prato, who had refused obedience to Pius VI in his condemnation of the Synod of Pistoia. The suppressed Society of Jesus he re-estabhshed for Russia in ISOl, for the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1804; for America, England, and Ireland in 1813, and for the Universal Church on 7 August, 1814.

On 6 July, 1823, Pius VII fell in his apartment and fractured his thigh. He was obliged to take to his bed, never to rise again. During his illness the magnificent basilica of St. Paul Without the Walls was destroyed by fire, a calamity which was never revealed to him. The gentle but courageous pontiff breathed his last in the presence of his devoted Consah-i, who was soon to follow him to the grave.

The Bulls of Piu3 VII are partly in BuUarii Romani continuatio, ed. Barberi, XI-XV (Rome, 1846-53); Drochon. Memoires du cardinal Consalvi (Paris, 1896): P.\CCA. tr. Head, Historical Memoirs of Cardirvil Pacca (London. 1850) : Art.^ud de Montor, Histoiredu Pape Pie VII (3rd ed., Paris, 1839); Wiseman, Recol- lections of the Last Four Popes (Boston, 1858) ; Allies, The Life of Pope Pius VII (2nd ed., London, 1897) ; MacCaffhev, History of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century (2nd ed., Dublin and St. Louis, 1910) ; Acton, The Cambridge Modern History: vol. X, The Restoration (New York. 1907) ; Sampson, Pius VII and the French Revolution, in Amer. Cath. Quarterly Rer. (Philadelphia. Apr., 1908 — ). See also bibliographies to Concordat; Con- salvi, Ercole; Napoleon I (Bonaparte).

N. A. Weber.

Pius VIII, Pope (Francesco Xaverio Castigli- on-e), b. at Cingoli, 20 Nov., 1761; elected 31 March, 1829; d. 1 Dec, 1830. He came of a noble family and attended the Jesuit school at Osimo, later taking courses of canon law at Bologna and Rome. In Rome he associated himself wit h his teacher Devoti, assisted him in the compila- tion of his "Institutiones" (1792), and, when Devoti was appointed Bishop of Anagni, became his vicar- general. He subsequently filled the same position under Bishop Severoli at Cingoli, and, after some time, be- came provost of the cathedral in his native city. In 1800 Pius VII .r. ■,,„, named him Bishop of Montalto, Abms of Pius VIII ^.j^j^j^ ^gg j^g shortly afterwards ex- changed for that of Cesena. Under the French dom- ination he was arrested, having refused to take the oath of allegiance to the King of Italy, and brought to Macerata, then to Mantua, and finally to France. In 1816 the pope conferred upon him the cardinal's hat, and in 1822 appointed him Bishop of Frascafi and Grand Penitentiary. As early as the conclave of 1823, Castiglione was among the candidates for the papacy. At the election of 1829, France and Austria were de- sirous of electing a pope of mild and temperate dis- position, and Castiglione, whose character corre- sponded with the requirements, was chosen after a five weeks' session. His reign, which lasted but twenty months, was not wanting in notable occurrences. In April, 1829, the Catholic Emancipation Bill, which made it possible for Catholics to sit in Parliament and to hold public offices, was passed in England. Leo XII had taken a great interest in Catholic Eman- cipation, but had not lived to see it become law. On 25 March, 18.30, Pius published the Brief "Litteris altero abhinc", in which he declared that marriage could be blessed by the Church only when the proper promises were made regarding the Catholic education of the children; otherwise, the parish priest should only assist passively at the ceremony. Under his suc- cessor this matter became a cause of conflict in Prussia between the bishops and the Government (see Droste-Vischering, Clemens August von). The pope's last months were troubled. In France, the Revolution of July broke out and the king was ob- liged to flee, being succeeded on the throne by the younger Orleans branch. The pope recognized the

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new regime with hesitation. The movement, which also affected Belgium and Poland, even extended to Rome, where a lodge of Carbonari with twenty-six members was discovered. In the midst of an.xiety and care, Pius VIII, whose con- stitution had al- ways been deli- cate, passed away. Before the cor- onation of his suc- cessor, revolution broke out in the Papal States. The character of Pius VIII was mild and amiable, and he enjoyed a reputa- tion for learning, being especially versed in canon law, numismatics, and Biblical liter- ature. In addi- tion, he was ex- tremely conscien- tious. Thus, he ordered all his relatives, upon his Moncment to Pirs Vlll

accession to the Tenerani, St. Peter's, Rome

pontifical throne, to resign the positions which they held.

Artaud, Histoire du Pape Pie VIII (Paris. 1844) : Wiseman. Recollections of the Last Four Popes (London and Boston. 1858).

Klemens Loffler.

Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti), Pope from 1846-78, b. at Sinigaglia, 13 May, 1792; d. in Rome, 7 February, 1878. After receiving his classi- cal education at the Piarist College in Volterra from 1802-09 he went to Rome to studj' philosophy and theology, but left there in 1810 on account of political disturbances. He returned in 1814 and, in deference to his father's wish, asked to be admitted to the pope's Noble Guard. Being subject to epileptic fits, he was refused admission and, following the desire of his mother and his own inclination, he studied theology at the Roman Seminary, 1814-18. Meanwhile his malady had ceased and he was ordained priest, 10 April, 1819. Pius VII appointed him spiritual direc- tor of the orphan asylum, popularly known as "Tata Giovanni", in Rome, and in 1823 sent him, as auditor of the Apostolic delegate, Mgr Muzi. to Chili in South America. Upon his return in 1825 he was made canon of Santa Maria in Via Lata and director of the large hospital of San Michele by Leo XII. The same pope created him Archbishop of Spolcto, 21 May, 1827. In 1831 when 4000 Italian revolutionists fled before the Austrian army and threatened to throw themselves upon Spoleto, the archbishop persuaded them to lay down their arms and disband, induced the Austrian commander to pardon them for their treason, and gave them sufficient money ^o reach their homes. On 17 February, 1832, Gregory XVI transferred him to the more important Diocese of Imola and, 14 December, 1840, created him cardinal priest with the titular church of Santi Pietro e Marcellino, after hav- ing reserved him in jielto since 23 December, 1839. He retained the Diocese of Imola until his elevation to the papacy. His great charity and amiability had made him beloved by the people, while his friendship with some of the revolutionists had gained for him the name of liberal.

On 14 June, 1846, two weeks after the death of Gregory XVI, fifty cardinals assembled in the Quirinal for the conclave. They were divided into two fac- tions, the conservatives, who favoured a continuance of