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VI he kept away from Rome as much as possible. Sigismondo de Conti, who knew him well tells us that " he left no moment unoccupied ; his time for study was before daybreak; he spent his mornings in prayer and his midday hours in giving audiences, to which the humblest had easy access. He was so temperate in food and drink that he only allowed himself an evening meal every other day." Yet this is the excellent man to whom Gregorovius in his "Lucrezia Borgia", without a shadow of authority, gives a dozen chil- dren — the calumny being repeated by Brosch and Creighton. After the death of Alexander VI, the conclave could not unite on the principal candidates, d'Amboise, Rovere, and Sforza; hence the great major- ity cast their votes for Piccolomini, who though only sixty-four was, like his uncle, tortured with gout and was prematurely old. He took the name of Pius III in honour of his uncle, was crowned on 8 Oct., after receiving priestly and episcopal orders. The strain of the long ceremony was so great that the pope sank under it. He was buried in St. Peter's, but his re- mains were later transferred to S. An- drea della Valle where he rests by the side of Pius II.

P.\8TOR, History of the Popes. VI, 185 sqq.; Pan- VINIO, Contijiuation of Ptatina; VON Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom: Artand de Mostor, His- tory of the Popes (New York, 1867).

James F. Loughlin.

Pius IV, Pope (Giovanni Angelo Medici), b. 31

March, 1499, at Milan; elected 26 December, 1559; d. in Rome 9 Dec, 1565. The Medici of Milan lived in humble circumstances and the proud Florentine house of the same name claimed no kindred with them until Cardinal Medici was seated on the papal throne. His father Bernardino had settled in Milan and gained his livelihood by farming the taxes. Bernardino had two enterprising sons, both able to rise in the world by different roads. The oldest, Giangiacomo, became a soldier of fortune and after an adventurous career received from the emperor the title of Marchese di Marignano. He commanded the imperial troops who conquered Siena. Giovanni Angelo was as success- ful with his books as his brother with his sword. He made his studies first at Pavia, then at Bologna, devoting himself to philosophy, medicine, and law, in the last mentioned branch taking the degree of doctor. He gained some reputation as a jurist. In his twenty-eighth year he determined to embrace the ecclesiastical state and seek his fortune in Rome. He arrived in the Eternal City, 26 Dec, 1.527, just thirty-two years to a day before his election to the papacy. From Clement VII he obtained the office of prothonotary, and by his intelligence, industry, and trustworthiness commended himself to Paul III who entertained the greatest confidence in his in- tegrity and ability antl employed him in the governor- ship of many cities of the papal states. In the last year of Paul Ill's reign, Medici, whose brother had married an Orsini, sister to the pope's daughter-in-law, was created cardinal-priest with the title of S. Pudenziana. Julius III made him legate in Romagna and commander of the papal troops. The antipathy of Paul IV was rather to his advantage than otherwise; for in the reaction which followed the death of that morose pontiff all eyes finally settled on the man who in every respect was Paul's opposite. The conclave XII.— 9

dragged along for over three months, when it was ob- vious that neither the French nor the Spanish-Aus- trian faction could win the election. Then, mainly through the exertions of Cardinal Farnese, the con- clave by acclamation pronounced in favour of Medici. He was crowned 6 Jan., 1560, and took the name of Pius IV.

His first official act was to grant an amnesty to those who had outraged the memory of his predecessor, Paul IV; but he refused clemency to Pompeio Colonna, who had murdered his mother-in-law. "God forbid ", he said, "that I should begin my pontificate with con- doning a parricide." The enmity of Spain and the popular detestation of the Caraffas caused him to open a process against the relatives of Paul IV, as a result of which Cardinal Carlo Caraffa and his brother, to whom Paul had given the Duchy of Paliano, were condemned and executed. The sentence was after- wards declared unjust by St. Pius V and the memory of the victims vindi- cated and their estates restored. Car- dinal Morone and other dignitaries whom Paul had im- prisoned for suspicion >f heresy were re- oased.

Pius IV now de- voted his undivided attention to the com- pletion of the labours of the Council of Trent. He was luck- ier than his predeces- sors in the youth whom he created car- dinal-nephew. This was St. Charles Bor- romeo, the glory of

pt of the Vatican (XVI Century)

Milan and of the Universal Church in the sixteenth cen- tury. Pius had the satisfaction of seeing the close of the long-continued council and the triumph of the papacy over the antipapal tendencies which at times asserted themselves. Hisnameisinimortally connected with the "Profession of Faith", which must be sworn to by everyone holding an ecclesiastical office. The few years which remained to him after the close of the coun- cil weredevotedtomuch needed improvements inRome and the papal states. Unfortunately for his popular- ity, these works could not be perfected without the im- position of additional taxes. Amid the numerous em- bellishments with which his name is connected, one of the most useful was the founding of the pontifical printing-office for the issuing of books in all languages. He procured the necessary type and placed the insti- tution under the able superintendence of Paul Mi- nutius. In addition to the heavy expenses incurred in the fortification and embellislnnent of Rome, Pius was under obhgation to contribute many hundred thousands of scudi to the support of the war against the Turks in Hungary.

The mildness of Pius IV in dealing with suspects of heresy, so different from the rigour of his predecessor, made many suspect his own orthodoxy. A fanatic named Benedetto Ascolti, "inspired by his guardian angel", made an attempt upon his life. A more formidable foe, the Roman fever, carried him off 9 Dec, 1565, with St. Philip Neri and St. Charles Borromeo at his pillow. He was buried first in St. Peter's, but 4 June, 15S3, his remains were transferred to Michelangelo's great church of S. Maria degli Angeli, one of Pius's most magnificent structures. "Pius IV", says the fearless Muratori, "had faults (who is without them?) ; but they are as nothing com- pared with his many virtues. His memory shall ever remain in benediction for having brought to a