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killed, the Ucayali missions were abandoned. They were renewed after some years with a fair degree of success, but in 1742 were again wiped out and all the missionaries brutally butchered in a terrible rising headed by the Campa, under the leadership of an apostate Indian, Juan Santos, who took the name of Atahualpa, claiming to be a descendant of the last of the Incas. In 1747 Fr. Manuel Albaran. descending the Apurimac, was killed by the Prro. In 1767 another general rising resulted in the death of all but one of sixteen missionaries of the Franciscan college of Ocopa, Peru, which had taken over the work in 1754. In 1790 the Franciscans again had eighteen missions in operation in the upper UcayaU and Huallaga region, with a total population of 15494 souls. In 1794 an attempt to gather the Piro into a mission was de- feated by an epidemic, which caused them to scatter into the' forests. In 1799 (or 1803-Raimondi) the attempt was successfully carried out by Fr. Pedro Garcia at the mission of Nuestra Seiiora del Pilar de Bepuano. In 1S1.5 the principal and last mission for the tribe was established by Fr. Manuel Plaza under the name of Santa Rosa de Lima de los Piros. After the revolution, which made Peru a separate govern- ment, the missions were neglected, most of the mis- sionaries were withdrawn, the neoph3-tes sought em- ployment at the river ports or in the rubber forests, or rejoined their wild kindred, and in 1835 only one mission station, Sarayacu, remained upon the Ucayali. The Piro, however, still rank among the important tribes, although, on account of their wan- dering habit, their true number is unknown. Hervas gives the Piro language three dialects, and states that Fr. Enrique Richter (c. 1685) prepared a vocabulary and catechism in it and in several other languages Castelnau and Marcov also give vocabularies.

Bhintos, T/iclmfricairffacf (i\ew York. 1S91); Cisteln.^i Expedition dans hs parties centrales de V Amerique du Sud, I\ (6 vols., Paris, 1S50-1); Galt, Indians of Peru in Smithsonian kepi, for 1877 (Washington, 1S7S) ; Hebndon, Exploration of the Yalley of the Amazon (Washington, 1853); Hervas, Catdlogo de las Lenguas, I (Madrid, ISOO): Labre Report in Scottish Geog. Mag., VI (Edinburgh, 1890); Markham, Tribes in the Valley of the Amazon in Jour. Anth. Inst., XXIV (London, 1895) ; Marcot, Voyage d travers V .Amerique du Sud (2 vols., Paris, 1869); Or- dinaire. Les Sauvages du Perou in Rerui d' Ethnographic, VI (Paris, 1887); Orton, The Andes and the Amazon (3rd ed.. New York, 1876); Raimondi, Apuntes sobre la Provincia lUoral de Loreto (Lima, 1862), in part tr. by Bollaert in Anthropological Review, I (London, 1863); Reclus, South America. I (Xew York, 1894): Smtth and Lowe, Journey from Lima to Para (London,

1836). James Mooket.

Pisa, Archdiocese of (Pis.e), in Tuscany, central Italy. The city is situated on the Arno, six miles from the sea, on a fertile plain, while the neighbouring moun- tains yield marble, alabaster, copper, and other min- eral products; mineral waters abound in the province. The famous duomo, or cathedral, begun (1063) by Buschetto and consecrated by Gelasius II (1118), is a basihca in the shape of a Latin cross, with five naves, the columns of which are of oriental granite. The upper portion of the fatjade is formed by five rows of columns, one above the other; the bas-rehefs of the four bronze doors were executed by Domenico Parte- giani and Augusto Serrano, after the designs of Giam- bologna and others. The cupola was painted bj- Orazio Riminaldi and Michele Cinganelli; the altars are all of Luna marble. Among the notable objects in this cathedral are the octagonal pulpit, the urn of St. Ranieri, and the lamp of Possenti da Pietrasanta, under which Galileo studied the isochronism of the pendulum. In front of the duomo is the baptistery, a round structure, with a cupola surmounted by a statue of St. John the Baptist; it was erected in 11.52. Be- side the duomo is tlie celebrated leaning campanile. The caiiiposanid (begun in 1278, completed in 1464) is a real museum of painting and of medieval sculp- ture; its architect was Giovanni Pisano, by whom also are six statues placed over one of the entrances. The frescoes are by Giotto, Orcagna, Benozzo Gozzoh,

Spinello Aretino, Simone Memmi, and Pietro Laurati. It contains the tomb of the Emperor Henry VII. Other churches are Santa Maria della Spina (1230; 1323); San Nicola, dating from about 1000; the church of the Knights of S. Stefano (1555), a work of Vasari; S. Francesco (tliirteenth century); S. Cate- rina (1253), which belongs to the seminary and con- tains the mausoleums of Bishop Saltarelli and of Gherardo Compagni; S. Anna has two canvasses by Ghirlandajo; S. Michele (1018); S. Frediano (ninth century); S. Sepolcro (1150); S. Paolo (805?) called the old duomo; S. Pietro in Grado, which dates from the fifth century, and was restored in the ninth. The episcopal residence, of the twelfth century, has im- portant archives. Other buildings of interest are the Loggia dei mercanti, bj^ Bountalcnti, and the univer- sity (1105-1343), with which were united several colleges, as the Puteano, Ferdinando, Vittoriano, and Ricci. Outside the city are the Certosa di Calci, the Bagni di Pisa, ancient baths which were restored by Countess Matilda, and the Villa Reale di S. Rossore. Pisa is the ancient Pisae, in antiquity held to be a

(XV Centvrt)

L Pal-\ce, Pisa

colony of Pisse in Elis. Later, it probably belonged to the Etruscans, though often troubled by the Ligu- rians. The people devoted themselves to commerce and to piracy. From 225 B. c, they were in amicable relations with the Romans, who used the port of Pisae in the Punic War, and against the Ligurians, in 193. By the Julian law, if not earlier, the town obtained Roman citizenship. Little mention is made of it in the Gothic War. In 553 it submitted to Xarses, of its o^\-n accord; after the Lombard invasion, it seems to have enjoyed a certain independence, and it was not until the eighth century that Pisa had a Lombard dur, while, in the ninth century, it alternated with Lucca as the seat of the Marquis of Tuscany. The war be- tween Pisa and Lucca (1003) was the first war be- tween two Itahan cities. In 1005, the town was sacked by the Saracens, under the famous Musetto (Mugheid ai Ameri), who, in turn, was vanquished by the Pisans and Genoese, in Sardinia. In 1029, the Pisans block- aded Carthage; and in 1050, Musetto having again come to Sardinia, they defeated him with the assist- ance of Genoa and of the Marquis of Lunigiana; but the division of the conquered island became a source of dissension between the allied cities, and the discord was increased when L'rban II invested the Pisans with the suzerainty of Corsica, whose petty lords (1077) had declared their wish to be fiefs only of the Holy See. In 1126, Genoa opened hostilities by an assault on Porto Pisano, and only through the intervention of Innocent II (1133) was peace re-established. Mean- wliile, the Pisans, who for centuries had had stations in Calabria and in Sicily, had extended their com- merce to Africa and to Spain, and also to the Levant.