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 PIOUS

106

PIOUS

(1) the bread is spoken of as Holy, but not the water;

(2) it is unhkely that Pionius would celebrate with only two persons present. It is more likely therefore that we have here an account, not of a celebration, but of a private Communion (see Funk, "Abhand- lungen", I, 2S7).

The Acts of Pioniua exist in two Latin tranalationa, one pub- lished by SuHiDS and the Bollandists (Feb., 1). the other by Rdinart. The Greek original was first published by Gebhardt inArckiv/Ur slavische Philotogie, XVIII (Berlin, 1896). reprinted in his Acta martyrum selecta (Berlin. 1902) and in Knopf, Ausge- wahlte Martyracten (Tubingen, 1901). See also Leclehcq, Lcs martyrs, II, 17 sqq.; Allahd, Hist, des persicutions, II, 375 sqq.; Zahn, Forschungen zur Gesch. des neutesl. Kanons, IV, 271 sqq.

J. F. Bacchus. Pious Bequests. See Legacies.

Pious Fund of the Californias, The (Fondo

PiADoso DE LAS Californias), had its origin, in 1697, in voluntary donations made by individuals and reli- gious bodies in Mexico to members of the Society of Jesus, to enable them to propagate the Catholic Faith in the territory then known as California. The early contributions to the fund were placed in the hands of the missionaries, the most active of whom were Juan Maria Salvatierra and Francisco Eusebio Kino. The later and larger donations took the form of agreements by the donors to hold the property donated for the use of the missions and to devote the income therefrom to that purpose. In 1717 the capital sums of prac- tically all of the donations were turned over to the Jesuits, and from that year until the expulsion of the members of the Society of Jesus from Mexico the Pious Fund was administered by them. In 176S, with the expulsion of all members of the Society from Span- ish territory by the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles III of Spain, the Crown of Spain assumed the administra- tion of the fund and retained it until Mexican inde- pendence was achieved in 1821. During this period (1768-1821) missionary labours in California were di\'ided, the territory of Upper California being con- fided to the Franciscans, and that of Lower California to the Dominicans. Prior to the expulsion of the Jesuits tliirteen missions had been founded in Lower California, and by the year 1823 the Franciscans had established twenty-one missions in Upper California. In 1821 the newly established Government of Mexico assumed the administration of the fund and continued to administer it until 1840.

In 1836 Mexico passed an Act authorizing a petition to the Holy See for the creation of a bishopric in Cali- fornia, and declaring that upon its creation "the property belonging to the Pious Fund of the Califor- nias shall be placed at the disposal of the new bishop and his successors, to be by them managed and em- ployed for its objects, or other similar ones, always respecting the wishes of the founders". In response to this petition, Gregory XVI, in 1840, erected the Californias into a diocese and appointed Francisco Garcia Diego (then president of the missions of the California-s) as the first bishop of the diocese. Shortly after his consecration, Mexico delivered the properties of the Pious Fund to Bishop Diego, and they were held and administered by him until 1842, when General Santa Ana, President of Mexico, promulgated a decree repealing the above-quoted provision of the Act of 1836, and directing that the Government should again assume charge of the fund. The properties of the fund were surrendered under compulsion to the Mexi- can Government in April, 1842, and on 24 October of that year a decree was promulgated by General Santa Ana directing that the properties of the fund be Bold, and the proceeds incorporated in the national treasurj', and further providing that the sale should be for a sum representing the annual income of the properties capitalized at six per cent per annum. The decree proviiled that "the public treasurj' will ac- knowledge an indebtedness of six per cent per annum on the total proceeds of the sales", and specially

pledged the revenue from tobacco for the payment of that amount "to carry on the objects to which said fund is destined".

By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 2 Feb., 1848, Upper California was ceded to the United States by Mexico, and all claims of citizens of the United States against the Republic of Mexico which had theretofore accrued were discharged by the terms of the treaty. After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (and indeed for some years before) Mexico made no payments for the benefit of the missions. The archbishop and bishops of California claimed that, as citizens of the United States, they were entitled to demand and re- ceive from Mexico for the benefit of the missions within their dioceses a proper proportion of the sums which Mexico had assumed to pay in its legislative decree of 24 October, 1842. By a convention between the United States and Mexico, concluded 4 July, 1868, and proclaimed 1 February, 1869, a Mexican and American Mixed Claims Commission was created to consider and adjudge the validity of claims held by citizens of either country against the Government of the other which had tirisen between the date of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the date of the convention creating the commission. To this com- mission the prelates of Upper California, in 1869, pre- sented their claims against Mexico for such part of twenty-one years' interest on the Pious Fund (accrued between 1848 and 1869) payable under the terms of the Santa Ana decree of October, 1842, as was prop- erly apportionable to the missions of Upper Califor- nia (Lower Cahfornia ha\dng remained Mexican territory).

Upon the submission of this claim for decision the Mexican and American commissioners disagreed as to its proper disposition, and it was referred to the umpire of the commission. Sir Edward Thornton, then British Ambassador at Washington. On 11 Nov., 1875, the umpire rendered an award in favour of the archbishop and bishops of California. By that award the value of the fund at the time of its sale under the decree of 1842 was finally fixed at $1,435,033. The annual interest on this sum at six per cent (the rate fixed by the decree of 1842) amounted to $86,101.98 and for the twenty-one years between 1848 and 1869 totalled $1,808,141.58. The umpire held that of this amount one-half should equitably be held apportion- able to the missions in Upper California, located in American territory, and therefore awarded to the United States for the account of the archbishop and bishops of California, $904,070.79. This judgment was paid in gold by Mexico in accordance with the terms of the Convention of 1868, in thirteen annual instalments. Mexico, however, then disputed its ob- ligations to pay any interest accruing after the period covered by the award of the Mixed Claims Commis- sion (that is, after 1869), and diplomatic negotiations were opened by the Government of the United States with the Government of Me.xico, which resulted, after some years, in the signing of a protocol between the two Governments, on 22 May, 1902, by which the question of Mexico's liability was submitted to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague. This was the first International controversy submitted to that tribunal. Bj' the terms of the protocol the Arbitral Court was to decide first whether the liability of Mexico to make annual payments to the United States for the account of the Roman Catholic prelates of California had been rendered res judicata by the award of the Mixed Claims Commission and, second, if not, whether the claim of the United States, that Mexico was bound to continue such payments, was just.

On 14 October, 1902, the tribunal at The Hague made an award adjudging that the liability of Mexico was established by the principle of rea judicata, and by virtue of the arbitral sentence of Sir Edward