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 PHILANTHROPINISM

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PHILANTHROPINISM

administered the Sacrament of Confirmation to 105,- 000 persons. In 1808, in the curtailed diocese, there were 76 churches and 21 chapels; at his death there were 127 churches and 5'.i chapels. He found, in 1858, 33 parish schools in this section; he left 58.

The choice of a successor to Archbishop Wood de- manded thought on the part of the Roman authori- ties, and they took a year to come to a decision. At first they seemed to consider favourably the venerable Bishop O'Hara of Scranton, who, as rector of the seminary and vicar-general of the diocese, had done valuable service in Philadelphia. There is little doubt that he would have been selected, had it not been for his seventy odd years. The deUberations of Propa- ganda finally concluded with the choice of the coad- jutor of St. Louis; the Rt. Rev. Patrick John Ryan, who was in his fifty-second year, had achninistered an important diocese for ten years, and seemed to lack no qualification demanded by so eminent a metro- politan see as Philadelphia. (See Ryan, Patrick J.)

On 20 Aug., 1884, he took formal possession of his archiepiscopal see and received the homage of 250 priests of the diocese. In November of that year he opened the proceedings of the Third Plenary Council, and on 4 January, 1885, was invested with the pallium. After 24 PVb., 1897, he was ably assisted by his auxil- iary bishop, the Rt. Rev. Edmond F. Prendergast. Onthe death of Archbishop Ryan, which took place on 11 February, 1911, Bishop Prendergast assumed the administration of the diocese.

Philadelphia is also the residence of the Rt. Rev. Soter Stephen Ortynski, the Ruthenian Greek Catho- lic bishop for the United States (see Greek Catho- lics IN THE United States).

There is probably no diocese in the world better provided with institutions of religion, education, and charitythan Philadelphia. The parish school system is admirably organized. There are 141 schools teaching 63,612 children. There are 149 ecclesiastical students preparing for the priesthood, and there is never a lack of vocations. The Catholic population of the diocese was estimated in 1910 at 525,000, whose spiritual needs are supplied by 582 priests, regular and secular. There are 434 churches, chapels, and stations. The religious institutes established in the diocese are: Re- demptorist Fathers (14), Augustinian Fathers (Vil- lanova and six other establishinents, 33 fathers). Con- gregation of the Holy Ghost (4 houses, 1 no\atiate, 1 industrial school, 15 fathers), Vincentian Fathers (3 houses, 1 seminary, 24 fathers). Society of Jesus (2 hou.ses, 1 college, 22 fathers), Christian Brothers (10 houses, 89 brothers). There are in the diocese (1911) 2565 religious women, novices, and postulants and 11 schools for girls under the care of religious women. The religious institutes for women are: Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament, Sisters of Charity, Sisters of Christian Charity, Felician Sisters, Franciscan Ter- tiaries, Missionary Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, Sisters of the Good Shepherd, Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus, Sisters of the Most Holy Family of Nazareth, Sisters-Servants of the Immaculate Heart, Discalced Carmelites, Sisters of St. Joseph, Sisters of Mercy (Philadelphia foundation and Scranton foundation), School Sisters of Notre Dame, Sisters of Notre Dame (Namur). Little Sisters of the Poor, Religious of the Sacred Heart, Sisters of St. Dominic, Bemardine, Sisters of St. Francis (Polish), Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart, Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ, Filite Maria.

Shea, Hist, of the Cath. Church in the U. S. (New York. 1886- 92) ; Mahoky, Historical Sketches of the Cath. Churches and Insti- tutions of Philadelphia: KiRLiN. Catholicity in Philadelphia (Phil- adelphia, 1909); Catholic Standard and Times, files; Am. Cath. Hist. Researches: Official Cath. Directory (1911).

James F. LotiGHLiN. Philanthropinism, the .system of education educed from the ideas of Rousseau and of the German "En- lightenment", and established by Basedow on the

basis of "philanthropy". Johann Bernhard Basedow (b. at Hamburg, 11 Sept., 1723; d. at Magdeburg, 25 July, 1790) was a pupil at the school of Hamburg under the free-think(>r llcrrnatiii .Saniiicl Kcimarus, studied theology at Leipzig, hecuiiie (1719) a tutor in a noble family in Holstein, and (1753) professor at the academy for young noblemen at Soroe on the Island of Zealand, Denmark. In 1761 he was removed from this position on account of his Rationalistic opinions and appointed professor in a school at Altona. Here he pubhshed his " Methodenbuch fiir Vater und Mtitter der Familien und Volker" (Altona and Bremen, 1770; 3rd ed., 1773), in which he presented in detail his ideas for the improvement of the school-system. This work and his "Agatho- krator oder von der Erziehung kiinf tiger Regenten" (Leipzig, 1771) attracted the attention of Prince Leopold Friedrich Franz of Anhalt-Dessau. In 1771 the prince called Basedow to Dessau, where he wrote his " Elementarwerk " (4 vols, with 100 copper-plates, Dessau, 1774; 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1785) which, in a form suitable to modern times, sought to present the idea carried out in the "Orbis pictus" of Comenius, of uniting the pictures of the things with the notions of them, by giving with pictures all the material essential for training children. In 1774 he opened a model school at Dessau, the "Philanthropinum".

As the name signifies, it was to be a school of phil- anthropy for teachers and pupils. In contrast to the severe discipline of earlier days, children were to be trained in a friendly and gentle manner, instruction was to be made attractive, study as easy and pleasant as possible. The standard in forming the course of study was the practical and useful. Languages were to be taught more by practice and speaking than by the learning of grammatical rules, Latin, German, and French being regarded as the most important. Spe- cial attention was also given to the more practical studies, as arithmetic, geometry, geography, drawing, and natural science. Basedow and his successors deserve credit for their improvement of methods and educational appliances. Special stress was laid on physical development. The fact that children be- longed to a particular nation or religious confession was disregarded; education was to produce cos- mopolites. Religious instruction was to be replaced by the teaching of a universal natural morality. Among the teachers who aided Basedow in this school was Christian Heinrich Wolke, who had been his assistant before this in preparing the "Elementar- werk". Ba.sedow, although a fine pedagogist, lacked the personal qualities necessary for conducting such an institution, and retired in 1776. His place was taken (1776-77) by Joachim Heinrich Campe (1746- 1818), who was later a prolific writer on subjects con- nected with Philanthropinism, and is best known by his German version of Robinson Crusoe called "Rob- inson der Jiingere"; his most important work is "Allgemeine Revision des gesammten Schul- und Erziehungswesens" (16 vols., 1785-91). For a short time after Campe had retired, Basedow, assisted by Wolke, was once more the head of the school. Among the others who taught for a time at this institution were Ernst Christian Trapp (174.5-1818), who sought to systematize the philanthropinist principles and theories in his "Versuch einer Padagogik" (Berlin, 1780); Salzmann (see below), and Louis Henry Fer- dinand Olivier (17.59-1815). In 1793 this first "Phil- anthropinum" cea.sed to exist.

Those who held Basedow's pedagogical opinions were called Philanthropen, or Philanlhropislen. In imitation of the school at Dessau institutions called Philanthropin were establi.shed at various places. The only Philanthropin that prospered and still exists was that founded by .Salzmann at Schnepfenthal in the Duchy of Gotha. Christian Gotthilf Salzmann (b. at Sommerda near Erfurt, 1 June, 1744; d. at Schnep-