Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/860

 PFORTA

788

PHARAO

German on theological and kindred subjects. Their titles may be found in Ersch und Grubcr, S Scot. , XX I , 251. In the same work there is a biography from a Catholic standpoint, and another from a Protestant view. Some 115 letters of his are in the " Epistolse Petri Mosellani ... ad Julium Pflugium" (ed. Mijller, Leipzig, 1802).

Weber in Kirchenlcs.: Allgem. Deutsche Biogr.; Pastor, Die kirchl. ReunionsbfstrebuTrgen wahrend dcr Regicruno Karla V (Freiburg. 1879); Janssen, Gesch. des deutschen Volkea, III, 5, 459 seq.; IV, 25, 152; Hoffmann, Nauinburg im Zeitalter der Re- lormatian (Leipzig, 1901): Hdrter, Nomenclator.

Francis Mershman.

Pforta, a former Cisterciiin monastery (1137- 1540), near Naumburg on the Saale in the Prussian proviiKT of Saxony. The monastery was at first situated in Schmolln on the Sprotta, near Altenburg. Count Bruno of Pleissengau founded there, in 1127, a Benedictine monastery and endowed it with 110 "hides" of land. This foundation not being success- ful, Bishop Udo I of Naumburg, a relative of Bruno, on 23 April, 1132, replaced the Benedictines by Cis- tercian monks from the monastery of Walkenried. The situation here proved undesirable, and in 1137 Udo transferred the monastery to Pforta, and con- ferred upon it 50 hides of arable land, an important tract of forest, and two farms belonging to the diocese. For this fact we have Udo's own statement in a proclamation of 1140. The place was called Pforta (Porta) on account of its location in the narrow valley which was the entrance into Thuringia. The patron- ess of the abbey was Our Lady, and the first abbot, Adalbert, 1132-1152. Under the third abbot, Ade- lold, two convents were founded from it, in the Mark of Meissen and in Silesia, and in 1163, Alt-Celle and Leubus (q. v.) were also established in the latter pro\-ince. At this period the monks numbered about eighty. In 1205 Pforta sent a colony of monks to Livonia, founding there the monastery of Dtinamiinde. The abbey was distinguished for its excellent system of management, and after the first 140 years of its existence its possessions had increased tenfold. Little is known regarding the spiritual hfe of the abbey, as the monks left no chronicles. At the end of the thir- teenth and the beginning of the fourteenth century, though a period of strife, the monastery flourished with redoubled vigour. The last quarter of the four- teenth century witnessed, however, the gradual de- cline of its prosperity, and also the relaxation of monastic discipline. \\Tien Abbot Johannes IV was elected in 1515, there were forty-two monks and seven lay brothers who later revolted against the abbot; an inspection which Duke George of Saxony caused to be made revealed the fact that morality had ceased to exist in the monastery. The last Abbot, Peter Schederich, was elected in 1533. When the Catholic Duke George was succeeded by his Protestant brother Henrj', the monastery was suppressed (9 November, 1540), the abbot, eleven monks, and four lay brothers being pensioned. In 1.543, Duke Moritz opened a national school in the abbey, appropriating for its use the revenues of the suppressed monastery of Memleben. At first the number of scholars was 100, in 1563 fifty more were able to be accommodated. The first rector was Johann Gigas, renowned as a lyric poet. Under .lustinus Bertuch (1601-1626) the school attained the zenith of its prosperity. It suf- fered greatly during the Thirty Years' War, in 1643, there being only eleven scholars. Among its pupils may be mentioned the poet, Klopstock, and the philosopher, Fichte. Since 1815 Pforta belongs to Prussia, and even at the present day the school is held in high esteem. The church was built in the thirteenth century; it is a cross- vaulted, colonnaded basilica with an extraordinarily long nave, a peculiar western facade, and a late Romanesque double-naved cloister. What remains of the original building

(1137-40) is in .the Romanesque ffiyle, while the

restoration (1251-126S) brl.mir^ to the erirly Gothic.

Woi-FF, CAroni* des A7«.'. /' . I, 11 1 r/ic, lK4:)-48);

CoRSSEN, AUertiimer und A v - ' " !> imrrklostert

SI. Maricnundder Landess u liiumiunu n-nhrend dea ts\ und 13. Jahrhunderts (Halle, ISbb); Urkutidcnbuch des Klostera PfoHe bearb. von Bochme, 1 (Halle, lS9.i-1904).

Klemens Loffler.

Phacusa, titular see and suffragan of Pelusium, in Augustamnica Prima. Ptolemy (IV, v, 24) makes it the suffragan of the nomos of Aral)ia in Lower Egypt; i; Strabo (XVII, i, 26) places I'liaeusa at the beginning ■ of the canal which emjjties iuto the Red Sea; it is de- I scribed also by Peutinger's Taljle under the name of I Phacussi, and by the" Anonymus" of Ravenna (130), I under Phagusa. In the list of the partisan bishops of P Meletius present at the Council of Nica^a in 325 may be found Moses of Phacusa (Athanasius, "Apologia con- tra Arian.", 71); he is the only titular we know of. Ordinarily, Phacusa is identified with the modern Tell- vi Fakus; Brugsch and Navilla, in "Go.shen and the Shrine of Saft el-Henneh'' (London, 1885), place it at Saft about twelve miles from there.

Roug£, Geographie ancienne de la Basse Egypte (Paris, 1891), 137-39. S. VAILHfi.

Pbalansterianism. See Communion; Socialism.

Pharao (""*;, Par'o, or, after a vowel, Phar'o; Gr. 'tapaui; Lat. Pharao), the title given in Sacred Scripture to the ancient kings of Egypt. The term is derived from the Egyptian Per'o, "great house", which originally designated the royal palace, but was gradually applied to the Government and then to the ruler himself, like the Vatican and the Quirinal, for instance, in modern times. At the period of the eighteenth dynasty (sixteenth to fourteenth cent. B. c.) it is found in common use as a reverential desig- nation of the king. About the beginning of the twenty- second dynasty (tenth to eighth cent. B. c), instead of being used alone as heretofore, it began to be added to the other titles before the king's name, and from the twenty-fifth dynasty (eighth to seventh cent. B. c.) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only title prefixed to the royal appellative. Meanwhile the old custom of referring to the sovereign simply as Per'o still obtained in narratives. The Biblical use of the term reflects Egyptian usage with fair accuracy. The early kings are always mentioned under the gen- eral title Pharao, or Pharao the King of Egypt; but personal names begin to appear with the twenty- second dynasty, though the older designation is still used, especially when contemporary rulers are spoken of. The absence of proper names in the first books of the Bible is no indication of the late date of their composition and of writer's vague knowledge of Egyptian history, rather the contrary. The same is true of the use of the title Pharao for kings eariier than the eighteenth dynasty, which is quite in keeping with Egj-ptian usage at the time of the nineteenth dynasty.

The first king mentioned by name is Sesac (She- shonk I), the founder of the twenty-second dynasty and contemporary of Roboam and Jeroboam (III Kings, xi, 40; II Par., xii, 2 sqq.). Pharao is not prefixed to his name probably because the Hebrews had not yet become familiarized with the new style. The next. Sua, or So, ally of Osee, King of Israel (IV Kings, xvii, 4), is commonly identified with Shabaka, the founder of the twenty-fifth dynasty, but he was probably an otherwise unknown local dynast prior to Shabaka's reign. Winckler's opinion that he was a ruler of Musri in North Arabia, though accepted by many, is without sufficient foundation. Tharaca, who was the opponent of Sennacherib, is called King of Ethiopia (IV Kings, xix, 9; Is., xxxvii, 9), and hence is not given the title Pharao which he bears in Egyp- *~ tian documents. Nechao, who defeated Josias (IV