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dealing chiefly with the lapsi, excerpted probably from an ICastcr Festal Epistle. The faot that they were ratified by the Council of Trullo, and lluis be- came part of the canon law of the Ka.slcrn C'luircli, probably accounts for their preservation. Many M8.S. contain a fifteenth canon taken from writing on the P;i.s.sover. The cases of diflferent kinds of lapsi were decided upon in these canons.

The Acts of the martjTdom of St. Peter are too late to have any historical value. In them is the story of Christ appearing to St. Peter with His garment rent, foretelling the Arian schism. Three passages from "On the Godhead", apparently written against Origen's subordinationist views, were quoted by St. Cyril at the Council of Ephesus. Two further pas- sages (in Syriac) claiming to be from the same book, were printed by Pitra in "Analecta Sacra", IV, 188; their genuineness is doubtful. Leontius of Byzantium quotes a passage affirming the two Natures of Christ from a work on "The Coming of Christ", and two passages from the first book of a treatise against the view that the soul had existed and sinned before it was united to the body. This treatise must have been written against Origen. Very important are seven fragments preserved in Syriac (Pitra, op. cit., IV, 189- 93) from another work on the Resurrection, in which the identity of the risen with the earthly body is main- tained against Origen.

Five Armenian fragments were also published by Pitra (op. cit., IV, 430 sq.). Two of these correspond with one of the doubtful Syriac fragments. The re- maining three are probably Monophysite forgeries (Harnack, "Altchrist. Lit.", 447). A fragment quoted by the Emperor Justinian in his Letter to the Patri- arch Mennas, purporting to be taken from a Mysta- gogia of St. Peter's, is probably spurious (see Routh, "Reliq. Sac.", Ill, 372; Harnack, op. cit., 448). The "Chronicon Paschale" gives a long extract from a supposed writing of Peter on the Passover. This is condemned as spurious by a reference to St. Athana- sius (which editors often suppress) unless, indeed, the reference is an interpolation. A fragment first printed by Routh from a Treatise "On Blasphemy" is generally regarded as spurious. A Coptic fragment on the keeping of Sunday, published by Schmidt (Texte und Untersuchung., IV) has been ruled spuri- ous by Delehaye, in whose verdict critics seem to acquiesce. Other Coptic fragments have been edited with a translation by Crum in the "Journal of Theo- logical Studies" (IV, 287 sqq.). Most of the.se come from tJie same manuscript as the fragment edited by Schmidt. Their editor says: "It would be difficult to maintain the genuineness of these texts after De- Ichaye's criticisms (.Anal. BoUand., XX, 101), though certain of the passages which I have published may indicate interpolated, rather than wholly apoc- ryphal compositions."

KouTH, Reliq. Sac, HI, 319-72, gives most of the passages attributed to St. Peter. A translation of many of these, as well aa of the martyrdom, will be found in Clarke, Ante- Nicene Christ. Library, in vol. containing works of METHODnjs. For the Mele- tian 8cl]ism: HEFELf;, Hist, of Councils, tr. 1. 341 sq. The best edi- tions of the Canons is Lagarde. Reliq. Juris Eceles., 63-73. The latest edition of the martyrdom is Viteatj, Passions des saints Ecaterine et Pierre dWlexandrie, Barbara et Anyaia (Paris, 1897). See Harnack, Altchrist. Lit., 443-49; and Chronologic, 71-75. Barde.nhewer. Ge.':rh. d. altkirch. Lit., II. 203 sq. Radford, Three Teachers of .\lexandria: Theognostus, Pierius and Peter (Cambridge, 1908). F. J. BaCCHCS.

Peter of Aquila (Scotellus), Friar Minor, the- ologian and bishop, b. at Aquila in the Abruzzi, Italy, towards the end of the thirteenth century; d. at Trivento, 1361. In 1334 he figures as master of theology and provincial of his order in Tuscany. In 1334 he was appointed confessor of Queen Joan I of Naples and shortly afterwards inquisitor of Florence. His servants having been punished by public authority, the inqui-sitor excommunicated the priors and placed the town under interdict.

On 12 February, 1347, Peter was named Bishop of S. Angelo de Lombardi in Calabria, and on 30 May, 134S, was transferred to Trivento. He was an able interpreter of Scotus, and was called "Doctor sufli- ciens". His chief works are commentaries on the four books of Sentences, which being a conipi'iidium of the doctrine of Scotus were called '■SimjIcMumi", whence the author's surname "Scotellus". The commenta- ries have passed through various editions, the first by Peter Drach, at Speier, 1480, and recently by Paolini (Genoa, 1907-09).

EiJBEL, Bullarium Franciscanum, VI (Rome, 1902), 192. 214; Annlecta Franciscana, IV (Quaracchi, 1900), 339, 530; Wadding, Annates Minorum, ad a. 1343, n. 35; ad a. 1346, nn, 4, 5; Idem, Scriptores Ord. Min. (Rome, 1806), 187; Sbaralea, Supplem. ad Script. Ord. Min. (Rome, 1806), 583; MAZzrciiEi.i.i, 67i scriHori d'llalia, II (Brescia, 1753), 902-3; Cappelletti, Le chim d'ltalia. X.X (Venice, 1866). 551. LiVARIUS OUGER.

Peter of Arbues (correctly, Peter Arbues), S.mnt, b. in 1441 (or 1442); d. 17 Sept., 1485. His father, a nobleman, was Antonio Arbues, and his mother's name was Sancia Ruiz. He studied philosophy, prob- ably at Huesca, but later went to Bologna, where in the Spanish college of St. Clement he was regarded as a model of learning and piety, and was graduated in theology and law. Returning to Spain he became a canon regular at Saragossa, where he made his re- ligious profession in 1474. About that time Ferdinand and Isabella had obtained from Sixtus IV a Bull to establish in their kingdom a tribunal for searching out heretics, and especially Jews who after having received baptism had relapsed openly or secretly into Judaism; these were known as Marranos. The famous Thomas Torquemada, in 1483, was appointed grand inquisi- tor over Castile and, being acquainted with the learn- ing and virtue of Peter Arbues, named him inquisi- tor provincial in the Kingdom of Aragon (1484). Peter performed the duties with zeal and justice. Although the enemies of the Inquisition accuse him of cruelty, it is certain that not a single sentence of death can be traced to him (see Inquisition). The Marranos, however, whom he had punished hated and resolved to do away with him. One night while kneeling in prayer before the altar of Our Lady in the metropolitan church, where he used to recite the office with his brother canons, they attacked him, and hired assassins inflicted several wounds from which he died two days after. He was canonized by Pius IX, in 1867.

BoLLANDlsTS, Proprium Festorum Hispanorum; Luzzi, Vita di S. Pietro de Arbues Caninico Regolare (Rome, 1867).

A. Allaria.

Peter of Auvergne, philosopher and theologian; d. after 1310. He was a canon of Paris; some biog- raphers have thought that he was Bishop of Clermont (Gallia Christ., II, 283), because a Bull of Boniface VIII of the year 1296 names as canon of Paris, Peter of Croc (Cros), already canon of Clermont (Thomas, in "Miilangesd'arch. et d'hist.", Paris, 1882, II, 117-20); but it is more likely that they are distinct. Peter of Auvergne was in Paris in 1301 (Script. Prsedicat., I, 489), and, according to several accounts, was a pupil of St. Thomas. In 1279, while the various nations of the University of Paris were quarrelling about the rector- ship, Simon of Brion, papal legate, appointed Peter of Auvergne to that office; in 1296 he was elected to it.

His published works are: "Supplementum Com- mentarii S. Thoma; in tertium et quartum librum de csclo et mundo" (in "Opera S. Thoma;", II, adfinem); commentaries on Aristotle's "Meteororum"; "De Juventute et senectute"; "De longitudine et brev- itate vita;"; "De motu animalium". He has been credited with a supplement to the "Summa" of St. ■Thomas, but there is no scientific warrant for this. Peter also left numerous treatises which arc either at the Biblioth. Nationale, or at 1' Arsenal of Paris: "Sex quodlibeta", long discussions after the manner of St. Thomas; " Sophisma Determinatum " ; "Quxstiones super totam logicam veterem Arist."; "Quajstiones