Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/840

 PETER

7G8

PETER

lie. Topcrpotualo his work, IVtrr foiiiuicd in I'lOS an orderofwonipu, the Congregation of Noire- l):uni', who teaeh poor girls gratnitously. 'I'lie institute spread and with some nio(hlieations was intnxhiced into Anieriea liy the \ en. .Marguerite Bourgeoys (d. 1700J.

"in UiJl, by order of the IJi.sliop of Toiil, Fourier undertook the reform of the canons regular in Lor- raine who in 1029 formed the Congregation of Our Saviour. t)f this congregation he was made superior general in 1032. He wished his brother canons to do for boys what his nuns were tloing for girls. In 1625 Peter wsvs entrusted with the conversion of the Prin- cipality of Salm, near Xancy, which had gone over to Calvinism. In six months all the Protestants, whom lie called "poor strangers", had returned to the Faith. On account of his attachment to the House of Lorraine lie was driven into exile at Gray, where he died. In 1730 Benedict XIII pubhshed the Decree of liis Beatification, and Leo XIII canonized him in 1897.

Bedel, La vie du Tr^s RHh-end Ph-e Pierre Fourier, dit vulgaire- ment. Le P^re de MettaincouTl (1645); Chapia, Idea boni jmrochi et perferti retigiosi; VuiLLIMlN, La Vie de St. Pierre Fourier (Paris,

1S97). A. All.\ri.\.

Peter Fullo, intruding Monophysite Patriarch of Antiocli; d. 488. He received the Greek surname Yva4>evs (Latin, Fullo) from his trade of fuller of cloth, which he practised when a monk at the monastery of the .Aca^meti in the Diocese of Chalcedon. Ex-pelled from his monastery on account of his dissolute life and his heretical doctrines, he went to Constantinople where the future Emperor Zeno obtained for him the position of presbyter at the church of St. Bassa in Chalcedon. Driven thence by the populace, he ac- coiiiiianied Zeno to Antioch, incited the people against their patriarch, Martyrius, and, upon the latter's res- ignation, usurped the see in 470. He gained the favour of the Monophysites by adding to the Trisagion the words 6 crTavpoiBeh dt ijiias (who W'ast crucified for us) in the monophysitic sense that the Father and the Holy Ghost were crucified with the Son. In 471 he was deposed by the Emperor, but he again usurped the see in 476 to be depo.sed a second time and ban- ished in 478. The usurping Emperor Basilicus rein- stated him in 485 and he held the see until his death. (See Monophysites and Monophysitism.)

Valesius (V.vlois), De Petro Antiocheno episcopo qui Fullo cognominatus est et de synodis adversus eum collectis, appendix to his ed. of Evagrius, Hist. eccl. (Paris, 1673), reprinted in P. G., LXXXVI, 2885-95; TillemOnt, Hist, des empereurs. VI, 404-7; Theodorus Lector. Hist, eccl., I, xx-xxii; Theophanes, Chro- nographia, ad ann. 456, 467, 469,482; Liber.atcs. Brcciarium, i\-iii; xviu; Le Quien, Oriens Christ., II (Paris, 1740), 724-5.

Michael Ott.

Peter Gonzalez, S.«nt, popularly known as St. Elmo, b. in 1190 at Astorga, Spain; d. 15 April, 1240, at Tuy. He was educated by his uncle. Bishop of Astorga, who gave him when verj' yoimg a canonry. Later he entered the Dominican Order and became a renowned preacher; crowds gathered to hear him and numberless conversions were the result of his efforts. He accompanied Ferdinand III of Leon on his expeditions against the Moors, but his ambition was to preach to the poor. He devoted the remainder of his life to the instruction and conversion of the ignorant and of the mariners in Gahcia and along the coast of Spain. He lies buried in the cathedral of Tuy and was beatified in 12.54 by Innocent IV. St. Elmo's fire is a pale electrical discharge sometimes seen on stormy nights on the tips of spires, about the decks and rigging of ships, in the shape of a ball or brush, singly or in pairs, particularly at the mastheads and yardarms. The mariners believed them to be the souls of the departed, whence they are also called corposant (corpo sanlo). The ancients called them Helena fire when seen singly, and Castor and Pollux when in pairs.

BcTLER. Lives of the Saints; Harris. The Dioscuri in Christian Legends (LoDdon, 1903); Dressel, Lehrbuch der Physik (Freiburg,

1895). Francis Mershman.

Peter Igneus (I'iotick .Vi.uohuandini), Blessed, \allomhro.-ii:ins, and t'ardin:d-Bishop of ,\ll)ano; d. c. lOM',). Tlic struggle wagi'd:ig:unst simony in the elev- enth centm-y led to violi'iit scenes in several ItaHan cities. .\t Florence Bishop I'ctcr Mezzobarbo, known also as Peter of l'avi;i, w;is i)ublicly a(cu.sed of .simon- iai-;il;u'(iuisition of thi'episcop:il dignity. As he stren- uously denied the charge and had numerous and jirom- inciil supporters, the controversy cause<l int(Mise agit;ition;it Florence. The \'allombrosian monks were his chief accusers, and upon the insistence of the peo- ple for proof, the judgment of ( lod. or t rial by fire, was resorted to. The .Vbbot St. .lohn (lualbert designated for the test Peter Aldol)r;mdini, who successfully un- derwent the ordeal (18), hence called "Igneus", or Fire-tried. This triumph of the monks was fol- lowed by confession on the part of the bishop. Peter Igneus subsequently became abbot, and in 1074 Car- dinal-Bishop of Albano. During the pontificate of Gregory VII he was entrusted with important mis- sions. In 1079 he proceeded to Germany as papal legate with the Bishop of Padua to mediate between the rivals Hemy IV and Rudolf of Suabia. L'pon the renewal of the excommunication against Henry IV at Salerno in 1084, Gregory VII designated him as one of the two envoys sent to France for the promulgation of the sentence.
 * ui 1 1 aliiiii monk of I he Benedict inr congregation of the

Acta SS., July. Ill (Paris, 1867), 340-44; Mann, Lives of the Pope.?, VI (St. Louis, 1910), 302. N. A. WeBER.

Peter Lombard, theologian, b. at Novara (or per- ha])S Lumello), Italy, about 1100; d. about 1160-64. He studied first at Bologna, later on at Reims and Paris. St. Bernard, who had provided for his wants at Reim.s, gave him a letter of ri'i'ommendation to the Abbot of St. Victor, Gilduin (11 14-55). To judge from this letter, his stay at Paris was to be short: "per breve tempus usque ad Nativitatem Virginis". There is no evidence of his having gone back to Italy. We learn from John of Cornwall, his pupil, that he assiduously studied the works of Abelard, whose lectures he had probably followed about 11,36. His own writings .show the influence of his master. In 1148, he was at Reims in company with Robert of Melun, both being called "magistri scholares" by Otto of Freisingen; and he joined .\dani du Petit-Pont, Hughes of Amicus, and others, in theological discus- sions with Gilbert de la Porrif'e. About the same time (114.5-51) he wrote his "Book of Sentences". He was then professor at the school of Notre Dame.

He was acquainted before this date with the works of Gratian the canonist, for he utilizes the "Decre- tum" in his "Sentences". About the same time he had in his hands the newly-finished tran.slation of St. John Dama.scene by Burgundio of Pisa; all these de- tails show the care he had to enlarge the circle of his knowledge. In 1152 Eugene III had a prebendary- ship conferred on him by the Archbishop of Beauvais (JafTe-Wattcnb.ach, 9,534). In 1158 or 11.59 he was appointed Archbishop of Paris; but held the oflice for a short time only, being succeeded by Maurice de Sully, the builder of the present Cathedral of Notre Dame, in 1160 or 1161. He died some time after, but the exact date is unknown; it could not have been later than 1164; in the years that follow we sometimes meet his name in ths cartulary of Notre Dame of Paris: the house he lived in is put up for sale; his original copy of the "Sentences" is bequeathed by Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, to the library of Notre Dame. The old legend that makes him the brother of Gratian of Bologna and of Peter Comestor has no foundation whatever.

The works of Peter Lombard include: (l)"Com- mentaries on the Psalms and St. Paul " which have come down to us in quite a number of manuscripts. They are chiefly a compilation of patristic and medie- val exegesis, after the manner of the professors of