Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/834

 PETER

7G2

PETER

volumes (Mndrid, 1894 — ). Of the complete bioKraphies. the fol- lowitiKure the most important: Haderus, De Vita Caniaii (Munich, Kil 1); SACC.iiNis, i)c Vila <•( Tchus gcstii P. Petri Canisii (TnKol- stadt, llilli) ; UoEuo, Vita <lel Beato Pittro Canisio (Home, INM) ; UiEss. Der siligc Pelrus Canisius (Freiburg, lS(5.i) ; Le Bachei.et in Did. de ThM. Cath. (Paris, 1905), s. v. Canisius. BioKrapliiea, iu German: by Pratiss (Vienna, IS65), Mabcour (Freiburg, 1881), PftlLP (Einsiedein, 1897), Mehi-er (Ratisbon, 1897); in Latin by Python (Munieh, 1710); in French bv Dorkint iParis, 1707), S^ouiN (Paris, 18G4), Bovet (Frihourg, ISCo, 188l\ DE Hehtiont (Fribourg, 1865), Michel (Lille, 1S97); in liiit.li bv HE Smidt (Antwerp, 1652). S^guin-Allard

(Ni'i u l^'Ti: in Italian by FuLiOATTi (Rome, 16-19), Oddi

(N ■; I . ■ i 111 Spanish by Nierembehg (Madrid, 1033),

C:\i. I ^ '^i I ! I i, 1S'>.">). Cf. alaoK^oss^Der selige Petrus Canisius »it L'l-.' ;. <, \ I. nnrt, 1 ^08), from manuscript sources; Rei.seh,

B. Pdrus ( ■:' /M'.rfcrt (Mainz, 1882); Allard, (^anisi- ana, from iIm I i ■, i, s, ;,, „ (Utrecht. 1898-99) ;Braunsberoer, Entalehunu u. • /- ..l.iitng d. Katechismen d. seligen Petrus Canisius (IniLuig. ls;ij); Sommervooel, Bibliolhiriue de la

C. de J. (new ud., Brussels and Paris, 1890-1900). II, 617-88; VIII, 1974-83; DcBR, Gesch. d. Jesuiten in den Ldnden deiUscher Zunge, I (Freiburg, 1907); various A'u;i/ia(ure i?t?por/s of Germany and Switzerland published by Steinherz. Schellhass, Hansen, Stekkens-Reinhabdt, etc. OtTO BraCNSBERGER.

Peter Cantor, theologian, b. probably at Gisbcroi, near Beauvais, France; d. at Long Pont Abbey, 22 Sept., 1197. He was a member of the Hosdenc family; when still young he went to Reims, which may possi- bly ha\-e been his birthplace, and was educated at the cathedral school. He was a professor for many years, canon of the cathedral, and would seem to have had also the office of cantor ot succentor.

Towards 1170, we find Peter as canon and professor of theology of the cathedral school at Paris, where in 1 ISO lie is again invested ^\-ith the office of cantor, for his predecessor appears on the documents for the last time in 1180, whilst mention is first made of him in 11S4. This is what caused him to be designated Petrus Cantor, Cantor Parisiensis, or simply Cantor; and his name is found on many charters. At the same time, his capabilities led him to be frequently chosen by the popes as a judge, e. g., at Troyes in 11 88, and also during 1196 and 1197 at Compiegne for the royal divorce case with Ingeberge. In 1191 the people and clergy of Tournai chose him for their bishop, but his election was annulled by Bishop Guillaume de Champagne of Reims. At the death of Maurice de Sully in 1 196, it is said that he was elected Bishop of Paris, but refused the dignity.

In 1196 Peter was elected dean of the cathedral chapter of Reims. Whilst on his journey from Paris to l{eims, Peter visited the Cistercians at Long Pont Abbey, wa,s taken ill there, died, and was buried, probably wearing the habit of the order. In the Cistercian menology he is honoured as one of them- selves (19 May).

He left commentaries or glosses on all the Old Testa- ment Books, except Judith, Esther, Tobias, and Le- viticus; the best are those on the Psalms. In like manner he also wrote glosses on the whole of the New Testament, following the Harmony of the Four Gos- pels which, under the name of Ammonius, or Tatian, was much in use during the Middle Ages. His com- mentaries on the Gospels and on the Apocalypse are perhaps the most worthy of praise; that on St. Paul may be described as an interlinear gloss; in it scholas- tic discussions are often introduced k propos of certain subjects a-s they are suggested by the text. This style of writing commentaries was by no means new to the age in which he live<l, and it is more and more de- veloped at this period. None of these works were printed, not even an introduction or treatise which he wrote on the Bible in twenty folio pages variously entitled: "De tropis theologicis", "De contrarietate Bcnptura;", or "De tropis loquendi"; in it he lays down rules for the solution of contradictions that may seem to exist between different passages of the Bible. Traces of it may be foimd in Peter's commentaries and annotations on the Bible; the rules of Ticonius are sometimes found following on the "De tropis" of Peter.

rhere are two other unpublished works, namely the "Summa de sacramentis et animae consiliis"' which though lengthy is nevertheless precious for its vaiinl information on the institutions and icligioua cusldriis of the time; ho develops at grc:it length the mural side of the question, especially when writing on the Sacrament of Penance. He purposely leaves aside matters already discussed by Peter Lombard for as he himself says it is his int<"ntion to complete them. The " Distiiirlioncs" or ".Simnia qua> dicitur Abel" is a theological dirlionarv arranged in alphabet- ical order, "Abel" being the fust word, in which is found a short resume of the ideas, doctrines, and theo- ries of the time; with this as title, he wrote a valuable document which is still to be found in many nianu- scripls (Paris, Rome, Bruges, etc.). Pitra has pub- lished portions of it ("Spicilegium Solesmense", HI I, 30.S; "Aniilecta Sacra," II, 6-154, 585-628).

The "Verbuin Abbreviatum", his only work that was entirely printed, with the "Contra Monachos proprietarios" which in Migne forms the matter of chapter cliii and written before 1187, is not a course of ethics or asceticism, but a book addressed chiefly to the clergy and more in particular to monks, wherein he exhorts to the practice of virtue; his sources are the Bible, t lie writings of the Fathers, and profane authors. Wliat he sa\-s about manners, customs, etc., is very iustrueti\-e fur the time in which he wrote. As in the " SiiiiiUKi ( le Sacramentis ", so here are found scholastic theories side by side with practical remarks on daily life from a religious point of view (1st ed., Mons. 1639; Migne, P. L., CCV, 23). Some sermons are also as- cribed to Peter, but only those which are in the form of detached chapters of the "Verbum abbreviatum" are known.

Hist, littir. de hi France. X\'; HACRiiU, Notices et extraits de quelquesmanuscr,/, I, ,i.. _j|, ,-tc.; II, 14, etc.; V, 4-7, etc.; Schmid-Gutjahh. ;■, I itiraz, 1899); Denifle-Chate-

LKlti, Chartulariu,,, I l'iri.iiensis, I.IS.W; Bibliothique

deVEcole des Churl' l^lii, ,; is.

J. DE GhELLINCK.

Peter Celestine, Saint. See Celestine V, Saint, Pope.

Peter Cellensis (de La Celle), Bishop of Char- tres, b. of noble jjarentage in Champagne; d. at Char- tres, 20 February, 1 183. He was educated in the mon- astery of St. Martin-des-Champs at Paris, became a Benedictine, and in 1150 was made Abbot of La Celle near Troyes, whence his surname, Cellensis. In 1162 he was appointed Abbot of St. R^my at Reims, and in 1181 he succeeded John of Salisbury as Bishop of Chartres. He was highly esteemed by men like John of Salisbury, Thomas k Becket, Archbishop Eskil, Eugene III, and especially Alexander III. His liter- ary productions were edited by Janvier (Paris, 1671) and reprinted in P. L., CCII, 405-1146. They con- sist of 177 epistles, 95 sermons, and 4 treatises en- titled: (1) "De panibus ad Joannem Sarisberiensem " ; (2) "Mosaici tabernaculi mysticae et moralis exposi- tionis libri duo"; (3) "De conscientia"; (4) "De disciplina claustrali ad Henricum I, Campanise Comi- tem". His epistles, whichare valuable from an histori- cal standpoint, were edited separately by Sirmond (Paris, 1613). His sermons and treatises are ex- t.emely bombastic and allegorical.

GiLLET, De Petro Cellensi, abbate Sancti Remigii Remenais et Camotensi episcopo dissertatio (Paris, 1881); GEORGEa, Pierre de Cclles, sa vie et ses auvres (Troves, 1857); Hist. litt. de la France, XIV, 236-67; Zieoelbacer, Hts«. ret Meran'oi O. S. B., Ill, 162- 65; Ceillier, Hist. g(n. des auteurs maris, XIV (Paris, 1863), 680-13.

Michael Ott.

Peter Chrysologus, Saint, b. at Imola, 406; d. there, 4.'j0. His biography, first written by Agnellus (Liber pontificalis ecclesia; Ravennatis) in the ninth century, gives but scanty information about him. He was baptized, educated, and ordained deacon by Cornehus, Bishop of Imola, and was elevated to