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 PERRETVE

702

PERRV

nance dea cinq espSces des colonnes selon la m^thode dps anriens" (1683). Perrault's architectural draw- iiiiis are regarded as excellent jjieces of work; before the burning of the Louvre in 1871 there were pre- served there, besides his drawings for the Vitruvius, two folio vohunes containing among other things the designs for tlie Louvre, whioli had been published by the master's brother, Charles Perrault.

In his completed buildings, much fault is found, e. g. in the Oliservatoire, the astronomical observatory of Paris, although in certain parts we find traces of his later mastery. Perraiilt's design for a triumphal arch on Rue St-.Vntoine was preferred to the designs of Lebnm and Leveau, but was only partly executed in stone. When the arch was taken down, it was found that the ingenious master had devised a means of so vmiting the stones without the use of mortar that it had become an inseparable mass. In the competi- tion for the colonnade of the Louvre he was suc- cessful over all rivals, even Bernini, who had been summoned from Italy expressly for that purpose. This work claimed his attention from 1665 to 1680, and established his reputation. He was required to demonstrate the feasibility of his plans by construct- ing a model. Perrault is reproached with lacking in consideration for the work of his predecessors, and with positively depreciating the same. The whole palace could not be completed at the time, but the colonnade became widely celebrated. The simple character of the ground floor sets off the Corinthian columns, modelled strictly according to Vitruvius, and coupled on a plan which Perrault himself devised. Perrault built the church of St-BenoH-le-B(5tourne, designed a new church of Ste-Genevieve, and erected an altar in the Church of the Little Fathers, all in Paris.

Berty, Les grands architectes fran^ais (ParLs. I860): L.vNOE, Diet, des archileeles franQais (Paris. 1873): von Geymuller, Die Baukunst der Reruiissance in Frankreich (Stuttgart, 1898-1901). G. GlETM.\NN.

Porreyve, Henri, b. at Paris, 11 April, 1831; d. there, 18 June, 186.5. His father was professor at the Facult6 de Droit. He received his classical education at the College .'-Jaint-Louis. .According to his father's wish he studied law, but having finished his legal course he studied jjhilosophy and theology. He then became closely united with Charles and .\dolphe, later Cardinal Perraud, and this small group with Father Gratry, under the guidance of Father P<5t(5tol, began the restoration of the Oratory in France. He was or- dained priest in 18.58, appointed chaplain to the Lyc6e Saint-Louis in 1860, and one year later was called to the professorship of ecclesiastical history at the Sor- bonne. For some time he was forced by illness to abandon his lectures.

He had been united in intimate friendship with the great Catholic leaders of the time in France, including Ozanam, Montalenibert, Cochin, and especially La- cordaire. By his kind and affectionate nature Per- reyve exercised a great influence on those around him, especially on young men.

Among his works were: "De la critique des Evan- giles" (Paris, 18.59); "Entretiens sur I'Eglise catho- lique" (2 vols., Paris, 1901); " La Journce desmalades" (Paris, 1908); "Biographies et panegyriques" (Paris, 1907); ".Souvenirs de premiere communion" (Paris, 1899); "Sermons" (Paris, 1901); "Deux roses et deux Noels" (Paris, 1907); " Meditations sur I'Evangile de Saint Jean" (Paris, 1907); "Meditations sur les saints ordres" (Paris, 1901). Some of his letters have also been published in book form.

Gratry. Henri Perreyve (London, 1872) ; Bernard, Les derniers jours deVabblPerreyve. GeorGE M. SaUVAGE.

Perrone, Giovanni, Jesuit theologian, b. at Chieri, Italy, 11 March, 1794 ; d. at Rome, 28 Aug., 1876. After studying theology and obtaining the doc-

torate at Turin, he entered the Society of Jesus on 14 December, 1815. The Society hafl been re-cstablislied by Pius Vll only a year Ix'forc, and Perrone w.as very soon appointed to teach theology at Orvieto. A few years later he was uv.ulr profrs^iw of dogmatic theol- ogv in the Ronuui College, and held this post till the Roman Rei'ublic of 1S4S forced him to .-^eek refuge in England, .\ftcr an exile of three years, I'errone again took the chair of dogma in the Roman College, .and, exi'cpting the years of his rectonshij) at I'errara, t.aught theology till prevented by old age. He was consultor of various congregations and was active in oppo.sing the errors of George Hermes, as well as in the? discus- sions which ended in the dogmatic definition of the Immaculate Conception (cf. "Annali delle scienze re- ligiose", VII). Of Perrone's niiiny writings, the most important is the "Pra^lectiones Theologica;", which has reached a thirty-fourth edition in nine volumes. The compendium which Perrone made of this work has reached its forty-seventh edition in two vohmies. His complete theological lectures were published in French and have run through several eilitions; por- tions have been translati'd into Spanish. I'oli.sh, Ger- man, Dutch, and other huiguages. ,'>onuiiervogel mentions forty-four difl'rreiit works by this great fel- low-professor of Passaglia and Franzelin in the Roman College.

SoMMERVOGEL, BihHothkque de la Compagnie de Jesus, VI, 558- 571; HuRTER in Kirchentexikon, s. v.

Walter Drum.

Perry, Stephen Joseph, b. in London, 26 August, 1833; d. 27 Dec, 1889. He belonged to a well-known Catholic family. His schooling was first at Gifford Hall, and then at the Benedictine College, Douai, whence he proceeded to Rome to study for the priest- hood. Ha\'ing resolved to enter the Society of Jesus, he made his noxili.ite (1853-5) first at Hodder, and then at Bi'aumont Lodge, after which he pursued his studies at St. Acheul, near Amiens, and at Stonyhurst. In consequence of his marked bent for mathematics, he was sent to attend the lectures of Professor De Morgan, in London, and those of Bertrand, Lionville, Delaunay, Cauehy, and .Serret, in Paris. In the au- tumn of 1860 he was recalled to .Stonyhurst to teach physics and mathematics, likewise taking charge of the observatory.

In 1863 he commenced his theological studies at St. Beuno's, N. Wales, and was ordained in 1866. He re- sumed his former duties at Stonyhurst, which during the rest of his life were uninterrupted, save by special scientific engagements. In company with Fr. Walter Sidgreaves, he made magnetic surveys, in 1868 of Western, in 1869 of Eastern, France, and in 1871 of Belgium. In 1870 he went in charge of a government expedition to observe a solar eclipse at Cadiz; at Car- riacou (West Indies) in 1886; at Moscow in 1,S87; and at the .Salut Islands in 1889, on which journey he lost his life.

In 1874 he headed a party similarly sent to Kergue- len in the South Indian Ocean, to observe a transit of Venus, when he also took a scries of observations to determine the absolute longitude of the place, and others for the magnetic elements, not only at Ker- guelen itself, but, on his way to and fro, at the Cape, Bombay, Aden, Port .Said, Malta, Palermo, Rome, Naples, Florence, and Moncalieri. He likewise drew up a Blue-book on the climate of "The Isle of Desola- tion", as Kerguelen was called by Capt.ain Cook.

In 1882 he went again with W. .Sidgreaves, to ob- serve a similar transit in Mad.-igascar, and he again took advantage of the occasion for magnetic puri)Ose3. In 1874 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society.

At Stonyhurst, while he greatly developed the meteorological work of llie observatory, an<l in the province of astronomy made frequent observations of Jupiter's s.atellites, of stellar oecullations, of comets, and of meteorites, it was in the department of solar