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 PERRAUD

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PERRAULT

sillon (Perpignan, 18.57) ; de Babtii^lemy, Etudes sur Us etablis- semenls monastiques du Roiissillond'uris, 1857) ; ToLRA DE BoRDAS, L'ordre de Saint Francois rfMssi.se en Roussillon, fragments et recits sur I'histoire ecclesiastique du diocese d'Elne {Paris, 1884); Bru- TAILS, Etude sur Veselamge en RoussUlon du XII' au X VII' siiele (Paris, 1886); Idem. Monographie de la Cathedrale et du Clollre d'Elne (Perpignan, 1887) ; Toreilles, Perpignan pendant la Revo- lution (3 vols., 1896-97): Borrallo, Promenades archeologiques; Elne et sa cathedrale (Perpignan, 1909); de Beaulieu, Les Sanc- tuairesdela Viirge en RoussUlon (2 vols., Perpignan, 1903-04).

Georges Goyau.

University of Perpignan.— Peter IV of Aragon (1.327-87), having conquered (1344) the town of Per- pignan and reunited to his estates the Kingdom of Majorca, of which Perpignan was the capital, com- pensated that city for its loss of power by founding, at the request of the magistrates, 20 March, 1349, the University of Perpignan, for the teaching of civil and canon law, and other arts and sciences. In the charter he praised "the deep learning of the pro- fessors of Perpignan". By the Bull of 28 November, 1379, the antipope Clement VII confirmed the foun- dation and privileges, and the university, in a petition addressed to him in 1393, declared him its founder: "Pater et Genitor". In 1381 John I, son of Peter IV, granted permission to the city authorities to build the university near the royal castle. The institution spread in Perpignan an atmosphere of learning, the study of law being specially developed. Theology was taught there during the first years of the four- teenth century, but it was not until 21 July, 1447, that the faculty of theology was created by a Bull of Nicholas V and it did not receive its statutes until 1459. The university disappeared in 1793.

Rashdall, Universities, I ((Jxford. 1895), 90; Focrnier, StatutsJes Universites fran,:aises, II (Paris. 1891), 651-716; Deni- ple. Die Entstehung der Unirersitaten, I (Berlin, 1885), 515-17; ViDAL, Histoire de la ville de Perpignan (Paris, 1897).

Georges Goyau.

Perraud, Adolphe, cardinal and academician; b. at Lyons, France, 7 Feb., 1828; d. 18 Feb., 1906. He had a brilliant career at the lycees Henri IV and St. Louis, and entered the Ecole normale, where he was strongly influenced by Gratry. In 1850 he secured the fellowship of history and for two years he taught at the lyc^e of Angers. In 1852 he abandoned teach- ing to embrace the sacerdotal state. He returned to Paris where he joined the Oratory which was then being reorganized by Gratry and Abb6 Pet^tot, cure; of St. Roch. On his ordination in 1855 after a sojourn at Rome he was appointed professor of history and prefect of religion at the petit seminaire of St. L6 which had just been confided to the Oratory. At the same time he devoted himself to preaching, for which purpose he was recalled to Paris. In 1860 he visited Ireland, after which he wrote "Contemporary Ire- land" (1862). In 1865 he defended a theological thesis at the Sorbonne, where in 1866 he became pro- fessor of ecclesiastical history and dealt brilliantly with the history of Protestantism. He was appointed (1870) by E. OUivier a member of the Committee of Higher Education. In 1870 he was a chaplain in MacMahon's army, and after the war preached at St. Philippe du Roub and at St. Augustine. Made Bishop of Autun in 1874 despite his liberal tendencies, he interested himself especially in working-men. After the catastrophe of Montceau les mines, in which twenty-two miners perished, he preached the funeral sermon; he gave several Lenten courses in his cathe- dral and preached the funeral sermons of Cardinal Guibert, Cardinal Lavigerie, and MacMahon. He was actively concerned in the improvement of clerical studies in which connexion his sermon (1879) on "the Church and light" caused a great sensation; after the Congress of Brussels (1894) he was named hon- orary president of the Society for the Encouragement of Higher Studies among the Clergy. Elected to the French Academy in 1882 to replace Barbier, in 1885 he welcomed Duruy and in 1889 delivered the dis-

course on the prizes of -irtue. Having been superior- general of the Oratory from 1884, he resigned in 1901 in order not to sign the request for authorization of his congregation. He was created cardinal in petto, 16 Jan., 1893, the creation being published at the Consistory of 1895. At the conclave of 1903 he ener- getically opposed the movement of exclusion directed against Rampolla by Puczina, Archbishop of Cracow, in the name of the Austrian Government. His works consist of the "Etudes sur I'lrlande contemporaine" (Paris, 1862); "L'Oratoire de France au XVIIe siecle" (1865); "Paroles de I'heure presente" (1872); "Le Cardinal de Richeheu" (1872); also oratorical works.

Baudrillart, Le Cardinal Perraud in Le Correspondant (25 Feb., 1906); Mathieu, Discours de riception a V Academic Frantaise (5 Feb., 1907); Chauvin, L'Oratoire.

J. Lataste.

Perrault, Charles, writer, b. in Paris, 12 Jan., 1628; d. 16 May, 1703. His first literary attempts were a parody of the sixth book of Virgil's ^Eneid, and a short poem, "Les Ruines de Troie ou I'Origine du Burlesque." After being a lawyer for some time, he was appointed chief clerk in the king's building, su- perintendent's office (1664). He suggested to his brother Claude, an architect, to build the Louvre's colonnade, and induced Colbert to establish a fund called Liste des Bienfaits du Rni, to give pensions to writers and savants not only in France but in Europe. He took part in the creation of the Academy of Sci- ences as well as the restoration of the Academy of Painting. When the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres was founded by Colbert (1663), he was made secretary for life. Having written but a few poems, he was elected to the French Academy in 1671, and on the day of his inauguration he caused the pub- lic to be admitted to the meeting, a privilege that has ever since been continued. As a poet, he attempted to revive the old epic, adapting it to a Christian subject, in "Saint-Pauhn" (1686). His preface to "Le siecle de Louis le Grand", soon followed by "Parallele des Anciens et des Modernes", started the famous literary quarrel of Ancients and Moderns, which led to endless controversy with Boileau; he stood for the Moderns, while Bossuet, Fenelon, and Boileau fought for the An- cients. All his literary productions were surpassed by a little masterpiece that gave him a lasting popularity: "Contes de ma Mere I'Oye, ou Histoires du temps passe" (1697), a collection of fairy tales which, while displaying no special originality, were treated in a very skilful manner. His complete works were published in Paris, 1697-98, in one volume.

Memoires (Paris, 17.59); Giracd, Lettre critique (Paris, 1864); Barine in Reviie des Deux Mondes (Dec, 1890) ; Bruneti£;re, Manuel de I'histoire de la litterature frant;aise (Paris, 1899).

Louis N. Delamarre.

Perrault, Claude, b. at Paris, 1613; d. there, 1688. He built the main eastern fagade of the Louvre, known as the "Colonnade". His extraordinary talent and versatility brought up on him much enmity and detraction, especially in his architectural work. He achieved success as physician and anatomist, as archi- tect and author. As physician and physicist, he re- ceived the degree of doctor from the University of Paris, became one of the first members of the Academy of Sciences foumlod in Kiliti, and rcjicalcdly won prizes for his thorough knowledge <]f i)liy.sic.s :ind chemistry. He was the author of a series of treat ises on physics and zoology, as well as on certain interesting machines of his own invention.

Colbert induced him to translate Vitruvius, and this work inspired him with oiitliusiasm for architec- ture. Like his contemporary, Blondel, he contributed to revive the feeling for the rules and principles in architecture. His Vitruvius with a good commentary and tables appeared in 1673, and an epitome of it in 1674. The same aims-were pursued in his "Ordon-