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ered existence of five years. Its editor was a versatile writer of both poetry and prose, Charles J. O'Malley, who left the " Angelus " magazine of Cincinnati to edit the Louisville paper. When he found that his field there was too limited for any practical success, he took the editorial management of the "Catholic Sun" of Syracuse, N. Y., whence he went to Chicago to take charge of the "New World", in which position he died 26 March, 1910. He was born in Kentucky 9 Febru- ary, 1857. In the period before the Civil War, the "Advocate" and the Baltimore " Mirror" were impor- tant and influential factors in Catholic affairs. The Louisville "Cathohc Record", a diocesan organ, dates from 1878.

Other Southern papers are the New Orleans " Morn- ing Star", established in 1867, and of which two poets, the Rev. Abram J. Ryan and James R. Randall, were at times editors; "The Southern Catholic", begun in 1874 at Memphis, Tenn., suspended, and followed by the "Catholic Journal". In Missouri "The Shepherd of the Valley" started at St. Louis in 1832 with a con- vert, R. A. Bakewell, as its editor. It suspended in 1838, was revived in 1851, and lasted three years longer. Bakewell, who died in 1909, created much trouble by his editorials, which were used for years as anti-CathoUc ammunition by the Native American and Know-nothing politicians. It was the time of O'Connell's Irish agitation for repeal of the union with England, and the Revolutionary movement of 1848, and he also antagonized the Irish-American element. Although the Catholic constituency, to which their publications appealed, was mainly Irish, many of these convert editors went out of their way to offend Irish susceptibilities. Bakewell's denunciations of Thomas Francis Meagher, John Mitchell, the Rev. Dr. Cahill, and other popular Irishmen enraged "my Irish con- stituents", he tells Brownson, in a letter dated 7 Jan- uary, 1853. Brownson, in an article in his "Review" of July, 18.54, on Native-Americanism raised a storm by the manner in which he referred to the Irish ele- ment. After it was printed, Father Heeker, founder of the Paulists, wrote to him: "The Irish prelates and prie.sts have become mighty tender on the point of Nationality. Your dose on Native-Americanism has operated on them and operated powerfully, and espe- cially at the West. They felt sore, and let me add also weak from its effects. . . . The truth is, I fear, that there may before long come a collision on this point in our Church. The American element is in- creasing steadily in numerical strength, and will in time predominate; and at the present moment, on account of the state of the public mind, has great moral weight, and this in itself must excite unpleasant feelings on the other side." The "Western Watch- man" of St. Louis, Missouri, edited and controlled by the Rev. D. S. Phelan, may be called the last of the old style personal organs, and has been running a strenu- ous course since 1865. In 1846 a predecessor, the "Catholic News Letter", began an existence of three years, and in 1878 a stock company was formed which combined an existing weekly, the "Catholic World", until then published in Illinois, with the "Church Progress" as a rival to the " Watchman ". For several years Conde B. Fallen held the position of editor of the "Progress".

The Cincinnati "Catholic Telegraph", established in 1831, now the oldest surviving Catholic publication of the LInited States, enjoyed during the early years of Bishop Purcell's administration a national reputation under the editorial direction of his brother, the Rev. Edmund Purcell, the Rev. S. H. Rosecranz, and the Rev. J. F. Callaghan. Bishop Gilmour, of Cleveland, was a strong advocate of the value of a Catholic paper, and, beginning in 1874, spent a considerable amount of money, time, and personal effort in trying to establish the "Catholic Universe" in his cathedral city. Manly Tello was the editor during its early years. The

"Catholic Columbian" of Columbus started in 1875, and the "Record" of Toledo in 1905.

The best known and most widely circulated West- ern pubhcation is the "Ave Maria", a scholarly liter- ary weekly, founded by Father Sorin of the Congrega- tion of the Holy Cross, at Notre Dame, Indiana, in 1865. For the first issues the editor was Father Gilles- pie, C.S.C., and his sister, the well known Mother Mary St. Angela Gillespie (see Gillespie, Eliza Mari.\), was a frequent auxihary. In 1874 the Rev, Daniel E. Hudson, C.S.C., took charge. An early venture in Chicago was the "Western Tablet", in 1852, under the editorial direction of a convert, M. L. Linton. Another editor was James A. Mulligan, more famous as the colonel of the 23rd Illinois volunteers of the Civil War (the Western Irish Brigade). He was born at Utica, New York, 25 June, 1830, and went to Chicago in 1836. He studied law before becoming an editor. His heroic defence of Lexington, Ky., in Sep- tember, 1861, where, with 2800 men, he withstood an army of 22,000, made him a popular hero. He died, 26 July, 1864, from wounds received two days before at the battle of Kernrtown, Va. The "Western Tablet" did not survive, and it had several ill-starred succes- sors until the "New World" appeared in 1892. Three years later the "Western Catholic" was printed at Quincy, 111. The "Michigan Catholic" of Detroit dates from 1872. In October, 1869, the "Star of Beth- lehem" was established as a monthly at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, by the St. Louis Brothers. Two years later they sold the paper to the "Catholic Vindicator", which had been established in November, 1870, at Monroe, Wis., by Dr. D. W. Nolan and the Rev. John Casey. The "Catholic Vindicator" and "Star of Bethlehem" were consolidated, and established in Milwaukee, November, 1871. In November, 1878, Edward A. Bray and the Rev. G. L. Willard, having purchased the "Catholic Vindicator" from Dr. D. W. Nolan, changed the name to the "Catholic Citizen". In 1880 H. J. Desmond undertook its editorial man- agement.

Other Western papers are the "Catholic Tribune", Dubuque, Iowa (1899); "Intermountain Catholic", Salt Lake City, Utah (1399); the "Catholic Bulletin", St. Paul, Minn. (1911); "True Voice", Omaha, Neb. (1903) ; " Catholic Register", Kansas City, Mo. (1899) ; "Cathohc Sentinel", Portland, Oregon (1870). In San Francisco, Cal., the "Monitor" is one of the veterans dating as far bark as 1852. Later enterprises are the "Leader" of the same city (1902); the "Cath- olic Herald" of Sacramento (1908); and "Tidings" of Los Angeles (1895).

Magazines and Periodicals. — The first Catholic mag- azine was the "Metropolitan, or Cathohc Monthly Magazine" issued at B.iltimore, Md., January, 1830. It lived a year. Another "Metropolitan" began in February, 1853, but also failed to make a permanent impression. In January, iS42, the "Religious Cabi- net", a monthly, edited by Rev. Dr. Charles J. White and Rev. James Dolan, was started in Baltimore. After a year its title was changed to the " United States Catholic Magazine", which lasted until 1847. The Rev. Dr. White and Dr. J. V. Huntington were its most noted editors, and the contributors included Archbishop M. J. Spalding, Bishop Michael O'Connor, the Rev. Dr. C. C. Pise, and B. N. Campbell. In New York the "Cathohc Expositor", edited by the Rev. Dr. Charles C. Pise and the Rev. Fehx Varela, lasted three years (1842-44). Father Varela was also instru- mental in the publication in New York, by C. H. Gottsberger, of the "Young Catholic's Magazine" in March, 1838; it was suspended in lebri.Ty, 1840. The "National Catholic Register", a monthly, the first issue of which appeared at Philadelphia, in Jan- uary, 1844, did not last long.

When Father Heeker started the "Catholic World", in 1865, its editor for the first five years was John R. G.