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 PERIODICAL

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PERIODICAL

of political enmities. And it was not without danger that a journalistic career was followed in those days. The " Veracruzano " of 7 October, 1862, referring to the overthrow of the Government of Miram6n and the capture of the capital of Mexico by Juarez (1 Jan., 18(31), announced the assassination of Vicente Segura, editor of "Diaro de Avisos" and political antagonist of the victorious party, declaring that "in this truly significant manner demagogism fulfilled the first of the guarantees of the system of Liberalism, freedom of the pre-ss". Notwithstanding the risks involved in the expression of animus in connexion with this crime, several publications endeavoured to stem the torrent of pernicious ideas which had been loosed. The editor of the " Pajaro Verde " had to close his establishment; and the principal contributor to "El Amigo del Pueblo" was imprisoned. A Spaniard, suspected of circulating pamphlets, was, without proof of any sort, thrown into prison. His printing-press was confis- cated, and later he was e.xiled.

During the Empire of Maximilian. — Four papers, the "Diario del imperio", "L'Ere Nouvelle", "La Razon", and "L'Estafette", supported more or less openly by the Imperial Government, may be men- tioned, in their attitude towards religion (favourable or unfavourable, according to the dictates of the members of the imperial cabinet) they lacked the freedom and independence which make a paper the representative of the sentiments of the people. Some independent journals ("La Sociedad") were also issued, and from time to time published articles which called the attention of the Imperial Government to their columns.

The Present Time. — After the fall of the empire and especially since the presidential tenure of office of General Porfirio Diaz, the Catholic Press has enjoyed a little more freedom. With the exception of the local papers published in the various states, which did not cease to work for the cause ("El Amigo de la Verdas" of Pueblo and others), the first newspaper to continue the traditions of the Catholic journalists of other days was "La Voz de Mexico" (1870-1900). It counted many distinguished writers on its staff, and, as a paper which had never been aught but loyal to the cause it had espoused, it earned the respect and good will of everyone. Shortly before it cea.sed publication, "El Pais" (now in its twelfth year, and an active defender of Catholic interests) was founded. "El Nacional", another Catholic paper, published for a number of years, rendered good service to the Catholic cause. On 1 July, 1S83, Victoriano Agueros founded "El Tiempo", which is undoubtedly the most im- portant of all political daily papers of the republic supporting Catholic interests. In two years its cir- culation increased from 1000 to 6000 copies. By the vigour with which it attacked the errors of the gov- ernment of Manuel Gonzdlez it won great popularity, but this attitude won persecution for the editor and contributors, who were several times imprisoned. In 1887 the editorial office was closed and publication suspended for eleven days. But to-day the paper defends its ideals as undauntedly as before. The literary edition (begun in 188.3), published every Sunday and to which many notable writers, including Ipandro Arcdico (Arcadian name of the Bishop of S. Luis Potosi), Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, J. Maria Roa Barcena, Jose Sebastidn Segura, and others con- tributed, gave prominence to the work of many native authors, which would otherwise have remained un- published. Its columns have always been open to the discussion of all questions contributing to the progress and aggrandizement of Mexico. An illus- trated Sunday edition, "El Tiempo Ilustrado", has also been added to the publications connected with "El Tiempo". .4mong the illustrated monthly re- views may be mentioned "El Mensajero del Coraz6n de Jesus ", which has received much favourable notice.

The principal organ of the Liberal party, "El Li- beral ", has the largest circulation of any newspaper in the Republic.

Leon, Bibliografia mezicana del siglo X VIII (Mexico, 1902-7) ; Obreg6n, Mexico viejo: La prensa colonial (Mexico, 1900) ; Alzate, Gaceta de Literatura (4 vola., Puebla, 1831): Mexico d traves de los sigtos, 5 vols.: Icazb.\lceta, Biograpkia de D. C. M. Bustamante (Mexico, 1853) ; Ramos t Duarte, Diccionario de curiosidades histdricas (Mexico, 1899); Le Mexigue au debut du XX siicle (2 vols.. Paris, 1905) ; Mixico, su emlucidn social (3 vols., Mexico, 1901); Coleccidn de La Cruz (7 vola.); Lefevke, Hist, de I'intervention frauQaise au Mexique (Brussels and London, 1869); Arranqoiz, Mexico desde 1808 hasla 1867 (Madrid, 1872); Gar- cf A CuBAS, El Libra de mis recuerdos (Mexico, 1904) ; Figueroa Domenech, Guia general descriptiva de la Republica Mexicana (Mexico, 1899) ; Cavo, Los tres siglos de Mexico (Jalapa, 1870).

Camillus Crivelli.

Poland. — There was a period of slow development from 1831 to 1864, and a period of progress from 1864 to the present day. During the first period there were published at Warsaw 5 daily papers, 14 weeklies, and 1 monthly periodical; in Galicia, 3 daily papers, 3 semi-weeklies, and 3 weeklies; in the Grand Duchy of Posen, 1 daily paper; in Austrian Silesia, 1 weekly. Several of these that appeared before 1863 are still pubUshed. The Polish Press reflects the political con- ditions of the countries that have annexed the terri- tory of Poland. In Galicia (Austria) it is entirely free; in Russia it is subject to a severe censorhsip, which is also the case in Germany.

One of the oldest publications in Galicia is the "Czas" (Time), daily, the organ of the Conservative party, and well edited from the literary as well as from the political point of view. Its publication began in 1848. In 1866 there appeared the "Przegl^d polski" (Polish Review), which had from its begin- ning the collaboration of Count Stanislas Tarnowski and Stanislas Kozmian. It remains the most impor- tant historical and literary periodical of Poland. The "Czas" and the "Przegl^d polski" have always main- tained a strictly Catholic character. In 1867 Julius Starkla and Thaddeus Romanowicz established at Lemberg the "Dziennik Literacki" (Literary Jour- nal), which had a short life; John Dobrzaiiski founded the "Gazeta Narodowa" (National Gazette), to which was united in 1869 the "Dziennik Polski" (Polish Journal). In 1871 Rev. Edward Podolski established the "Przeglqd Iwowski" (Lemberg Review), which strenuously defended Catholic interests during its existence. In the same city there appeared the "Gazeta Lwowska" (Lemberg Gazette), the organ of the imperial viceroy in Galicia. In 1884 the Polish Jesuits began at Cracow the publication of the "Przeglfid powszechny" (Universal Review), a pe- riodical still published, and which has rendered impor- tant services to the Catholic cause from the scientific and literary points of view. In the same city there was published from 1881 to 1886 the "Przegl^d literacki i artystyczny" (Literary and ArtLstic Review). In 1894 in the whole of Austria there were published 126 Polish periodicals and daily papers, of which 65 ap- peared at Lemberg and 29 at Cracow. At Lemberg the daily papers were the "Dziennik polski", the "Gazeta lwowska", the "Gazeta narodowa", the " Kurj er Lwowski ", and the " Przeglqd ". There were two Catholic weeklies, the "Gazeta katolicka" and the "Tygodnik katolicki". At the present time the Catholic Press is chiefly represented by the "Gazeta koScielna" (Ecclesiastical Gazette), a small semi- weekly, poor in doctrine and immersed in politics. From the scientific standpoint the most important periodical is the "Kwaltarnik hy.storyczny " (Tri- monthly historical periodical), which began publica- tion in 1886, and the numbers of which constitute a valuable collection of historical works. No less im- portant are the "Pamietniki literacki" (Literary Monuments), the "Ateneum polskie", the "Kosmos" (the organ of the society of naturalists of Lemberg), and the "Nasz kraj". In 1911 there appeared the