Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/742

 PERIODICAL

678

PERIODICAL

The oldest, the "Aujislniif; ['"stzcitunp", was founded in U)95. nnd five otiicrs were established in the eif;ht- eentli century. Of those wliieh were founded in the early part of the nineteenth century the most impor- tant is the " WestfiUischer Merkur", established at Miinster in 1822, which at first, it is true, had a Liberal tendency. Until 1848 Catholic journalism did not prosper. In this reactionary period the severe censorship of the gOv'ernracnt authorities was a drawback to the Press in general; Catholic journals were viewed in an even less friendly spirit than the others. In Wtlrtemberg and Hesse no Catholic journals were allowed to be published. Up to the second and third decades of the nineteenth century, on the other hand, the Catholics them- selves seemed to be in a condition of intellectual torpor. For the most part, the clergy were under the influence of Protestantism and the prevail- ing philosophy of the times. Cultured society, the Catholic no less than the Protestant, was under the influence of the "all-embracing religion of humanity", which diluted Christianity.

The "Theologische Zeitschrift" of Bamberg, edited by J. J. Batz and Father Brenner, maybe regarded as the oldest periodical, but its existence lasted only from 1809 to 1S14. It was followed by the "Katho- lische Literaturzeitung", first edited by Father K. Felder, then by Kaspar Anton von Mastiaux, who was succeeded by Friedrich von Kerz and Anton von Bes- nard (1810-36). The oldest of the periodicals still in existence is the "Tiibinger Theologische Quartal- schrift", founded in 1819, which has always had a high reputation on account of its genuinely scholarly spirit. Among its editors ha\-e been Hirscher, Mohler, Kuhn, Hefele, Welte, Linsemann, Funke, and Schanz, names of the highest repute in the history of theology. In 1821 the "Katholik" was founded by Andreas Rass and Nikolaus Weis, afterwards Bishops of Stras- burg and Speyer respectively. The purpose was stated to be "to offer the necessary opposition to the attacks, partly open, partly concealed, against the Church, by orthodox articles on the doctrines of faith and morals. Church history and liturgy, the training of children, devotional exercises by the people, and all that belongs to the Catholic Faith". The chief collaborator in 1824-26 was the great publicist Joseph von Gorres, but the responsible editors were G. Scheiblein and Fr. L. Br. Liebermann. In 1827, Weis again became the chief editor. He was followed by Franz Xaver Dieringer (1841-43); Franz Sausen (1844-49); Johann Baptist Heinrich and Christoph Moufang (1850-90); Michael Raich (1891-1906); Joseph Becker and Joseph Selbst (from 1907). Since the appearance of the new Scholasticism the "Kath- olik" has been its exponent.

The Catholic movement was greatly aided by the arrest in 1837 of the Archbishops of Cologne and Posen-Gnesen, von Droste-Vischering and von Dunin. Connected with this is the founding of the "Histo- risch-politische Blatter", by Georn Phillips and Guido Gorres in 1838. This periodical contended against false theories of the state, ecclesiastical Liberalism, and the writing of historj- from a Protestant point of view. Distinguished publicists such as Joseph Gorres, father of Guido, and the converted jurist Karl Ernst Jarck collaborated on the journal and gained for it a lasting influence. Up to 1871 it was the most prom- inent journalistic organ of the Catholics. Its position in politics was that of Greater Germany. After the death of Gorres (18.52) the chief editor was Edmund Jorg ; the assistant editor from 1 858 up to Jorg's death in 1901 was Franz Binder. From 1903 Binder and Georg Jochner have shared the editorial responsibil- ity. Other periodicals were only .short-lived, as the Hermesian "Zeitsehrift fiir Philosophic und katho- lische Theologic" that existed from 1833 to 18.52; the "Jahrbiicher fiir Theologic und christlichc Phi-

losophic" (18.34-47), edited by the theological faculty of (i<'ssen; the "Zeitschrift fvn- Theologic", edited at Freiburg in 1839— 19; the "Arehiv fur tlieologische Literalur", edited by Dollinger, Haneberg, etc., from 1812 to 1843; the "Katholische Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaft und Kunst", edited by Dieringer 1844-40, and the continuation of this periodical, the "Katholische \'ierteljahrsschrift fiir Wissenschaft und Kunst", IS 17-49. In addition there were various church weeklies.

The year IMS and the political and religious eman- cipatiiins which it linuinlit were (if much importance for Catholic life and the Catholic press. The free- dom of the Press enabled the journals to express pub- lic opinion. From this time on each important period- ical became the advocate of some definite political idea. Moreover, another result of 1848 was freedom of association, of which the Catholics at once made use to the largest possible extent. An increase in the circulation of the journals already existing and the founding of new ones was very materially aided by the Catholic societies. A rich Catholic life arose and came into public notice wdth unexpected power. Thus in the years directly succeeding 1848 a large number of new periodicals appeared. Among them were, to mention only the more important, the "Echo der Gegenwart" of Aachen; the "Rheinische Volkshalle" of Cologne, which, from 2 Oct., 1849, took the name of "Deutsche Volkshalle"; the "Mainzer Journal", edited by Franz Sausen: the "Deutschcs Volks- blatt" of Stuttgart; the " Niederrheinische Volks- zeitung"of Krefeld; in 1849 the " Westf alisches Volks- blatt" of Padcrborn; in 1852 the " Miinsterische Anzeiger"; in 1853 the "Rheinischen Volksblatter" of Cologne; in 1854 the "Neue A ugsburger Zeitung"; in 1856 the "Bayrischer Kurier" of Munich. In addi- tion the conference of bishops held at WUrzburg (November, 1848) expressed the wish that there should be founded in all dioceses Sunday papers con- taining edifying and instructive matter. Of such journals the one that attained the most importance was the "Frankfurter katholisches Kirchenblatt". The most important journals during the fifth decade of the nineteenth century were the "Deutsche Volks- halle" of Cologne, the "Mainzer Journal", and the "Deutschcs Volksblatt". The "Deutsche Volks- halle" was suppressed 10 July, 1855, because its atti- tude towards the Government had not been friendly. Its place was taken by a journal planned on a large scale, the " Deutschland " of Frankfort, founded in 1855 by the city parish priest and well-known writer, Beda Weber. After two years it ceased, not from lack of vitality, but on account of bad financial manage- ment. The "Kolnische Blatter", issued from 1 April, 1860, by J. P. Bachem of Cologne, had a more fortimate fate. From 1 Jan., 1869, this well-edited paper bore the name of "Kolnische Volkszeitung". Further, during the sixties appeared the "Frei- burger Bote" (1865); the "Friinkische Volksblatt" of Wiirzburg (1867); the "Essener Volkszeitung" (1868); the "Osanbriicker Volkszeitung" (1868); and the"Schlesische Volkszeitung" (1869).

In 1862 the " Literarischer Handweiser" was founded at Miinster by Franz Hlilskamp and Her- mann Rump, to give information concerning the latest hterary publications. From 1876, after Rump's death, Hulskamp edited it alone; from 1904 it has been edited by Edmund Niesert. The "Chilianeum", a general review for "learning, art, and life" was founded at Wiirzburg and edited by J. B. Stam- minger; the review had excellent collaborators, but lived only from 1.862 to 1869. During the sixties there was also established the organ of the German Jesuits, the "Stimmen aus Maria-Laach", which orig- inally (from 1865) appeared at irregular intervals as pamphlets on burning questions of Catholic prin- ciples. It was called into existence by the storm