Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/741

 PERIODICAL

677

PERIODICAL

Paris is transformed into a local journal, partly general in character, but always retaining its title of the ' ' Croix ' '. Under the title of " Libert^ pour tous ' ', the Maison de la Bonne Presse de I'Ouest publishes a four- page journal; two pages forming the common section figure in all the local journals which wish to borrow them, the other two form the special section and vary according to locality. In August, 1905, M. Paul F6ron-Vrau founded the ' ' Presse Rdgionale " , a society for the creation or purchase in each diocese of a num- ber of Catholic journals. At present this society owns the "Express de Lyon", the "Nouvelliste de Bre- tagne" at Rennes, the "Republique de I'ls^re" at Grenoble, the "Journal d' Amiens", the "Express de rOuest" at Nantes, the "Eclair de I'Est" at Nancy, and the "Eclair Comtois" at Besan9on.

The "Nouvellistes", which are journals with Royal- ist tendencies, are all Catholic. Bordeaux, Rennes, and Rouen have such publications. The best known is the "Nouvelliste de Lyon", noted for its political news. In the north the Catholics have numerous local journals; the Lille "Depeche", the " Journal de Roubaix", and the "Croix du Nord" have together about 170,000 subscribers. The " Ouest-Eclair " has a wide circulation in Catholic Brittany. The depart- ments of the South have no Catholic journal capable of combating seriously with the " Depeche de Toulouse", a radical anticlerical journal and one of the most pow- erful political organs in France. The organization of the "Presse pour tous", founded in 1903 by Mme Taine, widow of the celebrated philosopher, collects subscriptions for the distribution of good papers among study circles or shops having many customers.

The Catholics of France founded in 1905 the " Agence de la Presse nouvelle", a telegraphic agency for Catholic news. It supplied the news for 1908 to about one hundred papers. There is also a religious and social information-bureau, the objectof which is to centralize the religious news of various countries, and which as early as 1908 had correspondents in forty-two dioceses. The most important French Catholic review is the "Correspondant", issued on the 10th and 25th of every month. It was at first (March, 1S29) a semi- weekly ijaper. Its founders were Came, Cazales, and Augustin de Meaux, and its motto was Canning's words: "Civil and religious liberty throughout the world". Its object was to reconcile Catholicism and modern ideas. During the Monarchy of July it under- went various vicissitudes. In 18.53 Montalembert wished to build it up in order to offset the influence of Louis Veuillot and the "Univers", and he secured the co-operation of Albert de Broglie, Falloux, and Dupan- loup. Its frequent praise of English parliamentary institutions aroused the suspicions of the empire. The " Correspondant " was at one with the "Univers" in defending the temporal power of the pope, and also felt at times the harshness of the imperial police. Dur- ing the Vatican Council there was sharp conflict be- tween the "Univers", which was for Infallibility, and the "Correspondant", which was against it. Under the Third Republic the "Correspondant" was succes- sively edited by I\IM. Li5on Lavedan, Etienne Lamy, of the French Academy, and Etienne Trogau, and endeavoured to show, according to the terms of its programme of 1829, that Catholicism "still holds within its fruitful breast the wherewithal to satisfy all the needs, wishes, and hopes of humanity". The " Bulletin de la Semaine", published since 1905, gives weekly a number of documents and articles of present interest on religious questions. Founded by M. Im- bart de La Tovir, this paper, while not concerning itself with dogmatic questions, recalls in certain respects, by the spirit of its religious policy, the tendency of the "Correspondant" during the pontificate of Pius IX.

In 1851) the Jesuits Charles Daniel and Jean Gaga- rin founded the "Etudes de thfologie, de philosophie et d'histoire", with the aim of furthering Russia's re-

turn to the Catholic Church. This soon became a semi- monthly, deaUng with all important religious ques- tions and entitled "Etudes reUgieuses, historiques et litt(5raires, publiees par des Peres de la Compagnie de Jdsus". Consequent on the decrees of 1880 against congregations it was suspended, but resumed publica- tion in 1888. In 1910 was founded the "Recherches", wherein the Fathers of the Society of Jesus treat the most interesting problems of religious knowledge. The Assumptionists own the "Revue Augustinienne"; the Dominicans the "Revue Thomiste" (1893), and the "Revue de la Jeunesse" (1909), published in Belgium. Since 1892 the Dominicans of Jerusalem have owned the "Revue Biblique". The Institut Catholique of Paris has a bulletin; many of the professors of the Catholic University of Lyons contribute to the "University Catholique" of that city. The Catholic University of Angers has the "Revue des Facultes Catholiques de I'Ouest"; the Institut Catholique of Toulouse the "Bulletin d'histoire et litterature religieuse". There are two Catholic philosophical reviews: the "Revue de Philosophie", founded in 1900 by M. Peillaube, in connexion with the school of philosophy which is striv- ing for a compromise between Thomism and contem- porary results in physiology and psychology; and the "Annales de philosophie chretienne", founded in 1828 by Augustin Bonnetty. The chief editors of the latter are MM. Laberthonniere and Maurice Blondel, and its motto the saying of St. Augustine: "Let us seek as those who would find, and find as those who would still seek".

The ' ' Revue des Questions Historiques ", founded in 1866, does great credit to Catholic learning. Its pres- ent editor is M. Jean Guiraud, professor at the Univer- sity of Besangon. Since 1907 the French Benedictines who have emigrated to Belgium have created the "Revue Mabillon", an important review of Benedic- tine history. The "Revue d'histoire de I'Eglise de France" (Analecta Gallicana) was founded in 1910. The two chief reviews for the clergy are the "Ami du clerge'', published at Langres since 1878, and the "Revue du Clerge Fran^ais", published at Paris since 1894. The "Revue pratique d'Apolog^tique", founded in 1905, is edited by Mgr Baudrillart, rector of the Paris Institut Catholique. A characteristic of recent years is the issue of political and social bulletins published by various female Catholic sodalities and intended for Catholic women. One of the chief re- views of the Catholic social movement is the "Chron- ique sociale de France" (formerly "Chronique du Sud- Est"), the organ of the group which organized the Seraaines sociales. A powerful movement of Catholic social jomnalism is due to the bureaux of the Action populaire organized at Reims (see France). The peri- odical yellow pamphlets issued by the Action Popu- laire between 1903 and 1911 have reached the number of 236. Besides its annual " Guides sociaux" it publishes a theoretical review of social studies, founded in 1876 by the organization of Catholic workmen as the "As- sociation Catholique", now called the "Mouvement social, revue catholique Internationale". It issues a popular social review called the "Revue verte", or "Revue de 1' Action populaire". Finally, the Action populaire publishes "Brochures periodiques d'Action religieuse", which are unquestionably the most inter- esting sources of information with regard to the under- takings of the Church of France since its separatioD from the State.

Tavernier, Du journalisme, son histoire, son Tdle politique ei religieux {Paris, 1902): Guide d'Action /?citffli?u.sc, published by the Action populaire of Reims (1908).

Georges Goyau.

Germany. — The Catholic periodical press of Ger- many is a product of the nineteenth century. It is only within the last forty years that it has become important by its circulation and its ability. A num- ber of Catholic journals are, however, much older.