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PERIODICAL

in its thirty-second year, published in Quebec, and distributed by the Government to all the Catholic primary schools of the province, renders good service to the cause of elementary education. The outlook of the Catholic Press in the old French province seems very hopeful, thanks to the improvement of higher education, to the inculcation of a more thorough Catholic spirit, and a more dutiful compliance with the directions of the Vicar of Christ.

Ontario. — The first Catholic paper published in Upper Canada was the "CathoUc", founded and ed- ited in Kingston (1830) by Very Rev. William Peter MacDonald, and published later in Hamilton (1841- 44). In 1837 Toronto had its first Catholic organ, "The Mirror", which lasted till 1862. It was fol- lowed successively by "The Canadian Freeman" (1858-63), under the editor.ship of J. J. Mallon and James G. Moylan; "The Irish Canadian", established by Patrick Boyle (1863-92; 1900-01) ; "The Tribune" (iS74-S5), with the Hon. Timothy Warren Anglin for its latest editor; "The Catholic Record", London (1878), is by far the most flourishing Catholic weekly in Canada, with its circulation of 27,000. Toronto likewise claims the following noteworthy Catholic periodical: "The CathoUc Weekly Review" (1887- 93) ; its editors were successively F. W. G. Fitzgerald, H. F. Mcintosh, P. DeGruchy, Revs. F. W. Flannery and J. D. McBride; in 1893 it was merged into the "Catholic Register", whose editors were, in order of date. Rev. Doctor J. R. Teefy, J. C. Walsh, and P. P. Cronin. In 1908, under the title of "Register-Ex- tension", it became the organ of the Catholic Church Extension Society, under the editorship of Rev. A. E. Burke, D.D.

Maritime Provinces. — Nova Scotia. — Though Halifax can boast of the first newspaper in Canada, now inclucUng the Maritime Provinces (the "Royal Gazette", 1752), the first Catholic periodical, "The Cross", was founded only in 1845, by the future Arch- bishop W. Walsh, and lasted till 1857. By far the most important Catholic organ of the province is "The Casket" (weekly), of Antigonish, founded in 1852 and still in full activity. Its editorial chair was successively filled by the learned theologians. Doctors M. McGregor, N. McNeil, and Alex. McDonald, the two last named since appointed respectively to the Sees of Vancouver and Victoria, British Columbia. Sureness of doctrine and vigilance in denouncing con- temporary errors are its chief characteristics.

New Brunswick. — "The Freeman", a political paper, was founded in St. John, 1851, with Hon. T. W. Anglin as editor. He w.is succeeded by W. R. Reynolds. Under the name of "The New Freeman" since 1902, its character is exclusively Catholic. While strongly advocating temperance and total ab- stinence, it strives to enlighten non-Catholics and to foster vocations for the priesthood. French Acadian journalism is chiefly represented by "Le Moniteur Acadien", founded at Shediac (1866), and "L'Evan- geline", of Moncton.

Prince Edward Island. — The first CathoUc paper of the island was the "Palladium" (1843-5). It was followed by the "Examiner" (1847-67), both edited by Edward Wlielan. Then came "The Vindicator" (1862-4), strictly non-political, to be succeeded by "The Charlottetown Herald", still in existence.

North-West Provinces. — Catholic journalism in the north-west begins in 1871 with "Le Metis", the organ of the half-breeds, under the ecUtorship of Hon. J. Royal. Next comes "Le Manitoba", a valiant champion of the Catholic schools, founded by Hon. J. Bernier, and now edited by his son. The first Cath- olic paper in English was "The North-West Review", begun in 1885, long edited by Rev. L. Drummond, S.J., and stiU fighting the good fight. The German Catholics have also their organ, "West Canada", and the Poles their "Gazeta KatoUcka". These three XL— 43

papers are issued by the same printing-house in Winnipeg, under the patronage of the present Arch- bishop of St. Boniface (1911). A Ruthenian CathoUc paper will shortly appear under the same auspices. "Le Patriote" began pubhcation in 1910, at Duck Lake, Sask. Edmonton, Alta, has "Le Courrier de rOuest", and Vancouver, British Columbia, "The Western CathoUc".

TuRCOTTE, Le Canada sous V Union (Quebec. 1871); Dionne. Inventaire chronologique (Quebec, 1905); Morice, //i.s(. of the Catholic Church in Western Canada (Toronto, 1909) ; Hopkins, Canada (Quebec, 1899).

Lionel Lindsay.

England. — Not until the toleration acts of the early nineteenth century and the CathoUc revival incident upon the immigration of the French clergy, were English Catholics in any position to conduct a periodical Uterature of their own, though occasional pamphlets on various questions of CathoUc interest had been issued. With the agitation over the Veto and Emancipation, a beginning was made with a monthly review, the pioneer Catholic pubhcation of the kind, "Andrews' Orthodox Journal", first issued in 1812 by Eusebius Andrews, a Catholic printer and bookseller of London. It had but a few years of chequered existence, as there was not a sufficiently large reading public to make it self-supporting. The real beginnings of Catholic periodical literature were made more than twenty years later, by which time the growth of the Catholic bodj' in its newly won freedom, the progress of Catholic education, and the interest excited by the Tractarian movement had all combined to supply a wider circle of readers. A great step was taken by Wiseman and O'Connell in the foundation of a quarterly, the "Dublin Review" (1836). The fame of the "Edinburgh" suggested a territorial title, and Dublin was chosen as a great Catholic centre, though from the first it was edited and published in London. The review was intended to provide a record of current thought for educated Catholics and at the same time to be an exponent of Catholic views to non-Catholic inquirers. Beginning before the first stirrings of the O.xford Movement, it presents a record of the intellec- tual life of the century and produced articles which had an immense influence upon the religious thought of the times. It was in the August of 1839 that an article by Wiseman on the Anglican Claim caught the attention of Newman. Impressed by the application of the words of St. Augustine, securus judical orbis terrarum, which interpreted and summed up the course of ecclesiastical history, he saw the theory of the Via media "absolutely pulverized" (Apologia, 1 16-7). It was a turning point for Newman and for the whole course of the Oxford Movement, and the incident is worth remembering as an example of the power of a good CathoUc Press. Gradually the Tractarian con- verts appeared in the lists of contributors: Ward (q. v.), Oakeley, Marshall, Morris, Christie, Formby, Capes, Allies (q. v.), Anderson (q. v.). Manning (q. v.), and a glance through the volumes of the " DubUn will reveal names prominent in the great religious, scientific, and hterary movements of the century. During the sixties and the early seventies it was under the vigorous direction of Dr. W. G. Ward. After his retirement it was edited by Dr. Hcdley, afterwards Bishop of Newport, and then acquired by Cardinal Manning, who appointed Canon Moyes editor. It is now the property and under the direction of Mr. Wil- frid Ward, son of its famous editor.

The first issue of the annual "Catholic Directory" appeared in 1837. Owing to the Oxford Movement, the forties were a time of marked literary activity. In 1840 two new enterprises were inaugurated. Mr. Dolman, a Catholic publisher in London who had issued a num- ber of really important boots including the writings of Lingard and Husenbeth, produced in "Dolman's Magazine" a high class Uterary monthly, and on 16