Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/731

 PERGE

667

PERICUI

In 610 the body of Emperor Phocas was burned in a brazen ox brought from Pergamus. In the sev- enth century an Armenian colony, much attached to Monophysitism, and from which sprang the Byzan- tine Emperor Phihppicus Bardanes (711-13), estab- lished itself there. In 716 the Arab general INIaslama captured the town. From this period dates its decline. It was rebuilt on a smaller scale and formed part of the theme of Thralcesion. Constantine Porphyrogenitus still spealvs of it (De themat. ,1,24, 5-13) as a brilliant city of Asia. In 1197 the French of the Second Cru- sade halted there. The town had already suffered from Turkish incursions. It then became the capital of the theme of Neocastra, and a stronghold against the sultans of Iconium. In 1306 the Emir of Karasi captured it from the Greelis, but thirty years later Sultan Orlihan took it from him. Save for the tem- porary occupation of Timur-Leng in 1402, it has since belonged to the Osmanlis. Under the name of Bergama it now forms a caza of the \'ilaj'et of Smyrna and num- bers 20,000 inhabitants, of whom 10,000 are Turks, 700 Jews, and 9,300 Christians (300 Armenians and 9000 Greek schismatics). The latter have two schools for boys and girls, with about SOO pupils, and five churches. The remains of three ancient churches have been discovered, among them the magnificent basilica of St. John. The church of St. Sophia was converted into a mosque in 1398.

Le Quiex. OHens ckrislianus, I, 713-16; III, 957-60; van C.\FELLEN, De regibus et antiquitatihus pergamenis (Amsterdam, 1S40); Imhoof-Blumer. Die Mumen der Dynastic von Pergamon (Berlin, 1SS4); Ublichs, Pergamon, Geschichte und Kunst (Leip- zig. 1883); CoNZE, HuMANN AND BoNN. Die Ergebnisse der Aus- grabungen zu Pergamon (Berlin, 1880-88); Pedroli, // regno di Pergamo (Turin, 1896); Humann, Fiihrer durch die Ruinen von Pergamon (Berlin. 1887); AUerlumer von Pergamon (8 vols.. Ber- lin); CoNZE, Pro Pergamo (Berlin. 1898); Pergamon in Baumeis- TER, Denkmdler des klassischen AUertums, II, 1206-87; Ussing, Pergamos, seine Geschichte und Monumenta (Berlin, 1899); CoL- LiGNON et Pontremoli, Pergame (Paris, 1900); Acad, des Inscrip- tions et BeUes-LeUres (Paris, 1901), 823-30; Cardinali, 11 regno di Pergamo (Rome, 1906); Gelzer, Pergamon unter Byzantinern und Osmancn (Berlin, 1903); CniNET, La Turguie d'Asie, III. 472-78; Lampakes, Les sept astres de I'Apocalypse (Athena, 1909), 251- 300; Ramsay, The Seven Churches of Asia; Journal of Hellenic Studies, passim. S. VaILH^.

Perge, titular metropolitan see in Pamphylia Se- cunda. Perge, one of the chief cities of Pamphylia, was situated between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Duden sou) and Cestrus (Ak sou), 60 stadia from the mouth of the latter; now the village of Murtana on the Suridjik sou, a tributary of the Cestrus, in the vilayet of Koniah. Its ruins include a theatre, a palaestra, a temple of Artemis, and two churches. The very fa- mous templeof Artemis was located outside the town. Sts. Paul and Barnabas came to Perge during their first missionary journey, but probably stayed there only a short time, and do not seem to have preached there (Acts, xiii, 13); it was there that John Mark left St. Paul to return to Jerusalem. On his return from Pisidia St. Paul preached at Perge (Acts, xiv, 24). The Greek "Notitia; episcopatuum" mentions the city as metropolis of Pamphylia Seeunda until the thirteenth century. LeQuien (Oriens christ., I, 1013) gives 1 1 bishops: Epidaurus, present at the Council of Ancyra (314); Callicles at Nicxa (325); Berenianus, at Constantinople (426); Epiphanius at Ephesus (449), at Chalcedon (451), and signer of the letter from the bishops of the province to Emperor Leo (458); Hilarianus, at the Council of Constantinople (536); Eulogius, at Constantinople (553); Apergius, condemned as a Monothelite at Constantinople (680); John, at the TruUan Council (692); Sisinnius Pastillas about 754, an Iconoclast, condemned at NicEea (787); Constans, at Nicaea (787); John, at Constantinople (869).

Ramsat in Journal of Hellenic Studies (1880), 147-271; Hill, Catalogue of the British Museum: Pamphylia (London, 1897). 129-31; Idem, Catalogue of the Greek coins of Lycion: Pamphylia (London, 1897), 119-42; Lanckor6n8ki, Les villes de la Pamphy- He et de la Pisidie, I (Paris, 1890), 35-67.

S. PETRIDfcs.

Pergola. See Cagli e Pergola, Diocese of.

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, b. at Naples, 3 Jan., 1710; d. 16 March, 1736, at Pozzuoli, near Naples. This young man of delicate and poetic musi- cal gifts might have done great things for the music of the Church had he not lived when composers were try- ing to serve two masters. Of frail constitution, he shortened his career by irregular conduct. At an early age he entered the Conservatory "dei poveri di Gesi Christo" in his native city, studied the violin under Domenico Matteis and afterwards enjoyed the guid- ance in composition of Gaetano Greco, Francesco Durante, and Francesco Feo. As a student he at- tracted attention by his sacred drama "San Gugli- elmo d'Aquitania" but, following the trend of his time, he devoted the next few years to the theatre, producing with more or less success "La Sallustia", "Amor fa I'uomo cieco", and "Recimero". He was not satisfied with these latter achievements, and when Naples was visited by an earthquake, Pergolesi was commissioned to write a mass for the solemn services of thanksgiving in the church of Santa Maria della Stella. Through this work for two five-part choirs and two orchestras, he became known as one of the most resourceful composers of the Neapolitan school. Shortly after lie produced another mass for two choirs and later a third and fourth. Then the young master once more yielded to the allurements of the theatre. The intermezzo, "Serva padrona", survived his more pretentious works of this period. Although requiring for performance but two singers and a quartette of stringed instruments, it had instantaneous and lasting success. The last two years of his life Pergolesi de- voted almost entirely to the interpretation of liturgi- cal texts (masses, a "Salve Regina", etc.), almost all of them for chorus and orchestra. The work, by which he is most remembered, is the "Stabat mater" for two-part choir and stringed orchestra and organ, which he wrote shortly before his death for the Minorite monastery of San Luigi in Naples. Requiring great flexibihty of execution on the part of the vocalists, it especially displays the author's chief characteristic, namely, delicacy and tenderness of feeling and ex- quisite workmanship. Though of lasting artistic value, Pergolesi's compositions are not available for liturgical purposes because for the most part they par- take of the nature and form of contemporaneous operatic productions. They are better suited for per- formance at sacred concerts. The latest arrangement of Pergolesi's "Stabat mater", for chorus and modern orchestra, is by Alexis Lwow.

BoYER, Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de Giovanni Battista Pergolesi in Mercure de France (Paris, 1772); Blasis, Biografia di Pergolesi (Naples, 1817); Facstini-Fasini. G«ora«ni Ba«is(a dt Pergolesi attraverso i suoi biografi. (Naples. 1900); Villarosa, Littera hiografica (Naples, 1831); Idem, Memorie di compositori di musica del regno di Napoli (Naples, 1840).

Joseph Otten.

Pericope. See Gospel in the Liturgy; Lessons IN the Liturgy.

Pericui Indians, a rude and savage tribe, of un- known linguistic affinity, formerly occupying the extreme southern end of the peninsula of California. With the neighbouring and allied tribe, the Cora, they numbered originally about 4000 souls. In general habit they closely resembled the Guaicuri (q. v.) as described by Baegert, but exceeded them in intract- able savagery, being in chronic hostility, not only with the Spaniards, but with most of the other tribes of the adjacent region. In 1720 the Jesuit Fiithers Bravo and Ugarte founded among tijem the ini.Ksicm of Nues- tra Senora del Pilar, at La Paz, followed in a few years by several other Jesuit establishments. In 1734 tinder the leadership of two chiefs of negro origin, the two tribes revolted against the strictures of the mission- aries upon polygamy and other immoralities, butch- ered Fathers Carranco and Tamaral, with a number