Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/725

 PENTECOST

661

PEORIA

Idem, Tie Abraham, ibid., 419-500; Idem. De Isaac et anima, ibid., 501-34; Idem, De Josipli palriarcha, ibid., 641-72; Idem. De benedictionibus palriarchurum, ibid., 673-94; St. Jerome, Liber quasi, hebraic. in Gen. inP. L.. XXIII, 935-1010; St. Augustine, De Gen. c. Manu-h. II. duo in P. L., XXXIV, 173-220; Idem, De Ger. ad lit., ibid., 219-4G; Idem, De Gen. ad tit. II, duodecim, ibid., 245-486; Idem, Qwest, m Heptateuch., ibid., 547-776; Rufinus, De benedictionibas patrmrcharum in P. Z... XXI, 295-336; .St. Vem. Bedf. Hexaemcron in P. L., XCI. 9-190; Idem, In Penta- tejirh rn„nfi^',r'irii, ibid., 189-394; Idem. De tabernaculo et vasibus ( J ( I, .I'l ; r.tS; RhaBjvnus Maurus, Comm. in Gen. in /*. L., ( \ II ;i, 1. 71, laEyi,Comment.inEx..Lev„Num.,Deut.iBP.L., c,'\ 111, 't I '•., Walafrid Strabo, Glossa orditiaria in P. L., CXUl. 1,7 .Mill.

Middle ,V(.;es: — St. Bruno of Asti, Expositio in Pentateuch. in P. L., CLXIV. 147-5.W; Rupert of Deutz. De SS. Truiitate et operib. ejus in P. L.. CLXVII. 197-1000; Hugh of St. Victor, Adnolatiune.? elucidatoria: in Pent, in P. L., CLXXV, 29-86; Ho- NORiusoF AuTuN, .ffcjaemeron in P. L., CLXXII, 253-66; Idem, De decern plufjis Mgypti, ibid., 265-70: Abelard, Expositio in Hexameron in P. L.. CLXXVIII, 731-84; Hugh of St. Cher. Postilla (Venice, 1588); NicOLAUS OF Lyra, Postilla (Rome. 1471); TosTATu.'i. Opera, I-IV (Venice, 1728); DiONYBlus the Carthu.sian, Comment, in Pentateuch, in Opera omnia, I, II (Montreuil, 1S96-7).

More Recent Works. — Jewish Writers: — Tiie Commentaries of Rashi (1040-11.50), Abenesba (1092-1167), and David Kimchi (1160-1235) are contained in the Rabbinic Bibles; Abarbanel, Comment. (Venice, 5539 a. m. ; 1579 B. c); Cahen, French tr. of Pent. (Paris, 1831) ; Kalisch, Historical and Critical Comment on theOld Test. (London), Gm. (1SS5); Lev. (1867. 1872); Ex. (18.55); HIRSCH. Der Pent, iibersetzt und erkUrt (2nd ed.. Frankfurt, 1893, 1895) ; Hoffmann, Das Buch Lev. iibersetzt und erkldrt (Berlin, 1906).

Protestant Writers: — The works of Luther, Melanchthon, Calvin, Gerhart, Calovius, Drusius, de Dieu, Cappel, Coc- CEius. I^IicHAELis, Le Clerc. Rosen.muller, and even of Tuch and B,^UMGARTEN, are of minor importance in our days; Knobel, Gen. (6th ed., by Dillmann. 1892; tr.. Edinburgh. 1897) ; Ryssel, Ex. and Lev. (3rd ed.. 1897) ; Dillmann, Numbers, Deut., Jos. (2nd ed., 1886) ; Lanqe. Theologisch-homiletisches Bibelwerk (Bielefeld and Leipzig): Idem. Gen. (2nd ed., 1877): Idem, Ex., Lev., and Numbers (1874); Stosch, Deut. (2nd ed., 1902); Keil and Franz Delitzsch. Biblischer Comment, iiber das .4. T.: Keil, Gen. and Ex. (3rd ed.. Leipzig. 1878) : Idem, Lev., Numbers, Deut. (2nd ed., 1870: tr., Edinburgh, 1881,1885); Strack and ZoCK- LER, Kurzgefasster Komment. zu den h. Scbriften A. und N. T. (Munich): Stb.^ck, Gen. (2nd ed., 1905); Idem, Ex., Lev.. Num- bers (,l89i); Oettli, />e^i(. (1893): Notvxck, Handkomment. zum A. T. (Gottingen): Gunkel. Gen. (1901); Bantsch. Ex., Lev., Numbers {\9QZ); Z)eu(. by Steuernagel (1900); Marti, .^urzer Handkommentar z. A. T. (Freiburg): Holzinger, Gen. (1898), Ex. (1900), Numbers (1903); Bertholet, Lev. (1901), Deut. (1899); BoHMER, Das crsie BucA Mose (Stuttgart, 1905) ; Cook, The Holy Bible according to the .Authorised Version, I-II (London, 1877); Spence and Exell, The Pulpit Commentary (London): Whitelaw, Gen.; Rawlinson, Ex.; Meyrick, Lev.; Winter- botham, Numbers; Alexander. Deut.; The Expositor's Bible (London): Dods, Gen. (1887); Chadwick, Exod. (1890); Kel- logg. Lev. (1891); Watson, Numbers (1889); Harper, Deut. (1895): The International Critical Commentary (Edinburgh): Gray, ATumbers (1903) ; Driver, Deaf. (1895); Spurrell, Notes on the Hebrew Text of Gen. (2nd ed.. Oxford. 1896); Ginsburg, The Third Book of Moses (London, 1884) ; Driver, The Book of Gen. (London, 1904); Maclaben. The Books of Ex., Lev., and Numbers (London, 1906) ; Idem, Deut. (London, 1906) ; Reu.ss, Uhistoire sainte et la loi (Paris. 1879); Kuenen, Hosykaas, and OoRT, Het Oude Testament (Leyden, 1900-1).

Catholic Works: — The works of Cajetan. Oleaster, Steuchus EuGUBiNus, Sante Pagnino. Lippomannus, Hammer, B. Pe- REiRA, AsORius Martinengus, Lorinus, Tirinius, a Lapide, Corn. Jansenius, BoNFRfeRE, Frassen, Calmet, Brentano, Dereser, and Scholz are either too well known or too unimpor- tant to need further notice. La Sainte Bible (.Paris): Crelier. La Genise (1889); Idem, VExode et le Livitique (1886): Thochon, Les Nombres et le Deuteronome (1887-8) ; Cursus Scripturtx Sacrw (Paris): von Hummelauer, (Jen. (1895); Ex., Lev. {ISilT); Num. (1899): DeuJ. (1901); Sohrank, Comment. ?i(eraJ. in Gen. (1835); Lamt, Comment in I. Gen. (Mechlin, 1883-4); Tappehorn, Erkld- rung der Gen. (Paderborn. 1888); Hoberg, Die Gen. nach'dem Literalsinn erkldrt (Freiburg. 1899) ; Fillion. La Sainte Bible, I (Paris, 1888) ; Neteler, Das Buch Genesis der Vulgata und des hebrdischen Textes ubersetzt und erkldrt (Miinster, 1905) : Gigot, Special Introduction to the Study of the Old Testament, I (New York, 1901). A. J. MaaS.

Pentecost. See Whitsunday.

Pentecost (of the Jews), Fea.st of, the second in importance of the great Jewish feasts. The term, adopted from the Greek-speaking Jews (Tob., ii, 1 ; II Mac, xii, 32; Joseph., "Ant.", Ill, x, 6; etc.) alludes to the fact that the feast, known in the Old Testa- ment as "thefeast of harvest of the firstfruits" (Exod., xxiii, 16), "the feast of weeks" (Exod., xxxiv, 22; Deut., xvi, 10; II Par., viii, 1.3), the " day of firstfruits" (Num., xxviii. 26), and called by later .lews 'n.-iereth or'asartha (solemn assembly, and probably "closing festival", Pentecost being the closing festival of the

harvest and of the Paschal season), fell on the fiftieth day from "the next day after the sabbath" of the Passover (Lev., xxiii, 11). The interpretation of this passage was early disputed and at the time of Je.sus Christ two opinions touching the exact day of the feast were held. Most doctors (and the bulk of the people) understood (on the force of Lev., xxviii, 7) the sabbath spoken of in verse 11 to be the first day of the unleavened bread, Nisan 15; whereas the Sadducees (later also the Karaites) held that the weekly sabbath falling during the Passover festivities was meant (Tal- mud, Treat. Menach., x, 1-3; Chagiga, ii, 4). Which opinion is more in accordance with the natural meaning of the passage, we shall leave undecided; the dissent is long since over, all Jews celebrating the Pente- cost on the fiftieth day after Nisan 16. As the ofTer- ing of a sheaf of barley marked the beginning of the harvest season, so the offering of loaves made from the new wheat marked its completion. This is no proof that Pentecost was originally a mere nature- festival; but it shows that the Mosaic legislation had in view an agricultural population, to whose special needs and disposition it was perfectly adapted. Since the close of Biblical times, an entirely new significance, never so much as hinted at in Scripture, has been attached by the Jews to the feast: the Pentecost is held to commemorate the giving of the Law on Mount Sinai, which, according to Exod., xix, 1, took place on the fiftieth day after the departure from Egypt. This view, admitted by several Fathers of the Church (St. Jer., "Epist.", Ixxviii, 12, P. L., XXII, 707; St. August., "Cont. Faust", xxxii, 12, P. L., XLII, 503; St. Leo, "De Pent. Serm.", I, P. L., LIV, 400), has passed into some modern Jewish litur- gical books, where the feast is described as ' ' the day of the giving of the Law" (^laimon. More Neb., iii, 41). In accordance with this interpretation, modern Jews pass the eve in reading the Law and other appro- priate Scriptures. Among them the feast lasts two days, a tradition dating from the difficulty which the Jews of the Diaspora found in ascertaining exactly what day the month begins in Palestine (Talmud, Treat. Pesach., Iii, 1 ; Rosh hashsh., v, 1). On the day of Pentecost no servile work was allowed (Lev., xxiii, 21). The oblation consisted of two loaves of leavened bread made from two-tenths of an ephah (about seven quarts and a fifth) of flour from the new wheat (Lev., xxiii, 17; Exod., xxxiv, 22). The leavened bread could not be placed on the altar (Lev., ii, 11), and was merely waved (D. V., "lifted"; see Offerings); one loaf was given to the High Priest, the other was divided among the priests who ate it within the sacred precincts. Two yearhng lambs were also offered as a peace-offering, and a buck-goat for sin, together with a holocaust of seven lambs without blemish, one calf, and two rams (Lev., xxiii, 18-19). According to Num., xxviii, 26-31, the number of victims to be offered in holocaust on that day differs from the above. The Jews of later times regarded the two enactments as supplementary (Jos., "Ant.", Ill, X, 6; Talmud, Treat. Menaoh., iv, 2, 5). The feast was an occasion for social and joyful gatherings (Deut., xvi, 11) and we may infer from the New Testament that it was, like the Passover, attended at Jerusalem by a great home-coming of the Jews from all parts of the world (Act., ii, 5-11).

Green, The Hebrew Feasts (1880); Bahr, Symbolik des Mosni- schen Culliia fniidclbcrg. 1839) ; Benzinger, Hebrdische .irchdolo- gie (Fr. il Ml t L', 1 ^'i I TTitzio, Ostern und Pfingsten (1838) ; Schecg, Bibli: I ^ : Freiburg, 1887); SchCrer, GescA.rfe.5 Ju7J); iKEN. Antiquitates Hebraicm (Bremen. 1741); Reland. Antiquitates Sacra: (Utrecht. 1741).

Charles L. Souvay.

Peoria, Diocese of (Peoriensts), comprises that part of central Illinois south of the Counties of White- side, Lee, Dekalb, Grundy, Kankakee, and north of