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 PEMBROKE

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PENAL

tus occupied it. The Shah Chosroes took it in A. D. 616, Amru in 640; Baldwin I King of Jerusalem burned it in 1117. The branch of the Nile became choked up and the sea overflowed the region and transformed it into a desert of mud. A hill, covered with ruins of the Roman or Byzantine period and called Tell Farameh, marks the site. There are also the ruins of a fort called Tineh.

The first known bishop is Callinicus, a partisan of Meletium; Dorotheus assisted at the Council of Nic*a; Marcus, Pancratius, and Ammonius (fourth century); Eusebius (first half of the fifth century); George (sixth century). Pelusium became the met- ropolitan see of Augustamnica when that province was created, mentioned first in an imperial edict of 342 (Cod. Theod., XII, i, 34). The greatest glory of Pelusium is St. Isidore, d. 450. Under the name of Farmah, Pelusium is mentioned in the "Chronicle" of John of Nikiu in the seventh century (ed. Zottenberg, 392, 396, 407, 595).

Le QiriEN, Oriens christianus, II, 531-34; Am^lineau, La geographic de VEgypte a Vepoque copte (Paris, 1893), 317; Bouv'T, De sancto Isidoro Pelusiota (NImes, 1884).

S. Vailhe.

Pembroke, Diocese op (Pembrokiensis), suffra- gan of Ottawa, in Canada. The town of Pembroke has a beautiful location on the Ottawa River, about one hundred miles west of the City of Ottawa, in the midst of a rich farming and lumbering district. The locality is mentioned in the early history of Indian missions in Upper Canada; Champlain, when on a voyage of exploration of the Upper Ottawa, pitched his tent where now stands the Pembroke court house. The names of the early missionaries are lost, the first known being those of Fathers Dupins and Bellefeuille, Sulpicians of Montreal, who preached to the Indians of this region in 1836. The foundation of the mission there is ascribed to Father Lynch, and the first resident priest was Father Gilhe, under whose direction the first church was begun in 1847. This soon proved inadequate and a more extensive stone structure was erected on a new site. In 1882 when Pembroke was chosen as the see of the new vicariate, plans, eventu- ally carried out, were prepared to transform this church into the Cathedral of St. Columba. The dio- cese of Pembroke comprises the county of Renfrew, part of each of the counties of Frontenac, Addington, Hastings, and Haliburton, of the district of Nipissing in the Pro\-ince of Ontario, and the southern part of the county of Pontiac in the Pro\'ince of Quebec. This territory was separated from the Dioceses of Ottawa, Three Rivers, and St. Boniface, and erected into the Vicariate of Pontiac, 11 July, 1882. This im- mense district comprised a great portion of northern Ontario and Quebec, extending as far north as Hudson Bay, and east to the district of Keewatin. The work of colonization and development progressed so rapidly that, 4 May, 1898, the \acariate was erected into the Diocese of Pembroke with episcopal see at Pembroke. The remarkable growth of the northern districts, prin- cipally through the discovery of immense mineral wealth of gold and silver in the now renowned cobalt region, led to the formation of a new vicariate at Ten- niscanning, 22 September, 1908.

Narcisse Zephyrin Lorrain, first Bishop of Pem- broke, was born at St. Martin, Laval County, Quebec, 13 June, 1842. His early education was obtained in his owTi parish school and in 1S55 he began his classi- cal studies in the College of St. Thercse, from which he entered the Seminary of St. Thercse. Ordained at Montreal, 4 August, 1867, by Bishop Bourget, for two years he filled the duties of professor and director of his Alma Mater. In 1869 with Bishop Bourget's con- sent, he was appointed parish priest of Redford then in the Diocese of Albany, New York. He was recalled to Montreal in 1879 and in the following year was appointed vicar-general of that diocese. Two years

later he was chosen vicar-general of the new Vicari- ate of Pontiac, and consecrated Bishop of Cythera, 21 September, 1882, in the church of Notre Dame, Montreal, and on the following day entered Pembroke, where he was to take his residence as Vicar Apos- tolic of Pontiac. When the \'icariate was erected into a diocese he became its first bishop. The works and progress of the diocese under the administration of Bishop Lorrain are proofs of his untiring energy, apos- tolic zeal, and keen business ability. He visited the Indian missions of the north five times. In 1884 he covered a distance of fifteen hundred miles to the mis- sions of Abbitibbi, Moose Factory, and Albany, and in 1887 in \asiting the missions of the St. Maurice he made a voyage of seventeen hundred miles, which like the first and the other three, was for the most part made in canoe or on foot.

The diocese numbers: about 37,000 Catholics; 27 parishes with resident priests, and 15 assistant priests; missions, 34; stations, 17; chapels, 7. Of the clergy 38 are seculars and 4 Oblates of Mary Immaculate. Among the communities of women connected with works of charity and education are: the Grey Nuns of the Cross, Sisters of St. Joseph, Sisters of Pro\-i- dence. Sisters of the Holy Cross, Sisters of the Holy Family. Two large and well-equipped hospitals are conducted by the first mentioned community. The separate school system enjoyed throughout the dio- cese gives to all a good opportunity for primary and religious instruction, while the higher education of young men is obtained principally at the University of Ottawa. There are 5 academies with 1200 pupils; 71 parochial schools with 13,270 pupils.

H. E. Letang.

Pena (Pegna), Francisco, canonist, b. at Villaroya de los Pinares, near Saragossa, about 1540; d. at Rome, in 1612. He devoted himself to the study of law at Valencia. Later Philip II appointed liim audi- tor of the Rota for Spain, and while at Rome he per- formed great services not only for his fellow-country- men but also for the Holy See. He formed one of the commission charged with the preparation of the offi- cial edition of the "Corpus juris canonici", published in 1582, and the anonymous notes appended to the edition of the Decretals are attributed to him; he was also concerned in the canonization of several saints: Didacus, Hyacinth, Raymond, Charles Borromeo, and I>ances of Rome, publishing biographies of sev- eral. His principal works are: "In Directorium In- quisitorum a Nicolao Eimerico conscriptum commen- taria" (Rome, 1578); "De officio Inquisitionis" (Cremona, 1655) ; "In Ambrosii de Mgnate tractatum de haresi commentaria et in Pauli Grilhmdi de ha8- reticis et eorum poenis notaj" (Rome, 1581); "In Bernard! Comensis Dominicani Lucernam inquisi- torum notae et ejusdem tractatum de strigibus" (Rome, 1584); "Responsio canonica ad scriptum nuper editum in causa Henrici Borbonii quo ilhus fauntores persuadere nituntur episcopos in P'rancia jure illos absolvere potuisse" (Rome, 1.595); "Cen- sura in arrestum Parlamentale Curiae criminalis Pari- sien.sis contra Joannem Castelluni et patres Societatis Jesu" (Rome, 1595); "De temporali regno Christi" (Rome, 1611). His "Decisioncs sacra; Rota'" were published by Urritigoiti (2 vols., Saragossa, 1648-50).

NicOLAUS Antonius, Bihlioiheca Hispana nova, I (Madrid, 1783), 457-58; Schulte. Die Gesch der Ouellen und Lit. des canonischen Rechls, III (Stuttgart, 1880), 734.

A. Van Hove.

Penal Laws. — This article treats of penal legisla- tion affecting Catholics in English-speaking countries since the Reformation. Separate heads are devoted to the penal laws: I. In England; II. In Scotland; III. In Ireland; IV. In the American Colonies.

I. In England. — By a series of statutes succes- sive sovereigns and Parliaments from Elizabeth to