Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/672

 PELARGUS

608

PELLA

CEcumenical Council of Kphcsus (431) repeated the condemnation pronounced by the West (cf. Mansi, "Concil. collect.", IV, 1337), "Pelagianism was crushed in the East. According to the trustworthy report of Prosper of Aquitaine ("Chronic", ad a. 439, in P. L., LI, 598), Julian of Kdanuni, feigning repentance, tried to regain posses.sion of his former bishopric, a plan which Sixtus III (432-40) courageously frustrated. The year of his death is uncertain. He seems to have died in Italy between 441 and 455 during the reign of Valentinian III.

V. L.\.sT Traces OF Pelagianism (429-529.) — After the Council of Kphesus (431), Pelagianism no more dis- turbed the Greek Church, so that the Greek historians of the fifth century do not even mention either the controversy or the names of the heresiarchs. But the heresy continued to smoulder in the West and died out very slowly. The main centres were Gaul and Britain. About Gaul we are told that a synod, held probably at Troyes in 429, was compelled to take steps against the Pelagians. It also sent Bishops Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes to Britain to fight the rampant heresy, which received powerful support from two pupils of Pelagius, Agricola and Fastidius (cf . Caspari, "Letters, Treatises and Sermons from the two last Centuries of Ecclesia.stical Antiquity", pp. 1-167, Christiania, 1891). Almost a century later, Wales was the centre of Pelagian intrigues. For the saintly Arch- bishop David of Alenevia participated in 519 in the Synod of Brefy, which directed its attacks against the Pelagians residing there, and after he was made Pri- mate of Cambria, he himself convened a synod against them. In Ireland also Pelagius's "Commentary on St. Paul", described in the beginning of this article, was in use long afterwards, as is proved by many Irish quotations from it. Even in Italy traces can be found, not only in the Diocese of Aquileia (cf. Gamier, "Opera Marii Mercat.", I, 319 sqq., Paris, 1673), but also in Middle Italy; for the so-called "Liber Pra'des- tinatus", written about 440 perhaps in Rome itself, bears not so much the stamp of Semipelagianism as of genuine Pelagianism (cf. von Schubert, "Der sog. Prajdestinatus, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Pela- gianismus", Leipzig, 1903). A more detailed account of this work will be found under the article Predesti- NARIANISM. It was not until the Second Synod of Orange (529) that Pelagianism breathed its last in the West, though that convention aimed its decisions pri- marily against Semipelagianism (q. v.).

AM the works of Pelagius, Cffile-stius and Julian as well as the writings of their adversaries Jerome, Augustine. Orosius, Mariu."* Mercator, etc., which have been quoted in the course of the article, are also the sources of the history of the Pelagian heresy. To these must be added the synodal acts of the different councils as far as they are extant. A Corpus Pelagianum for later years is furnished by the above-mentioned work of Caspari. A collection of older documents is found in P. L.. XLV, 1609 sqq.; cf. Bruckner, QuelUn zur Geschichte des Pelagianismus in Teite und Untersuchungen, by Okrhardt and Harnack, XV. 3 (Leipzig, 1906). Forthe Commentary on St, Paul. cf. Riggenbach, Unheach- tel oebliebene Fragmente des Pelagius-Kommentars zu den Paulini~ schen Briefen (Leipzig. lOO.")) ; against its genuineness, cf. Klasen in Tahinger Theolagische Quartalschrift (1885), 244 sqq., 531 eqq.: its genuineness (with unessential changes) was proved by Zimmer, Pelagius in Irland (Berlin. 1901) ; cf. SocTEH. The Commenlary of Pelagius on the Epistles of St. Paul: the Problem of its Restoration (London. 1907): Journal of Theological Studies (1906), 568 sqq.; (1907). 526 sqq.; The Expositor. I (1907). 455 sqq. For the history of Pelagianism. cf. Nobis. Historia Pelagiana (Florence, 1673), re- printed in his Opera, cd. Berti. I (Venice. 1729). 1-412, .Still val- uable is C. W. F. Walch. Enlwurf eincr vollstdndigen Historic der KeUcreien. IV (Leipzig. 1768) ; J. G. Walch. De Pelagianismo ante Pelagium (Jena, 1738) ; Wiggers. Pragmatische Darstetlung des Augustiniamus und Pelagianismus (Hamburg, 1833): Jacobi, Die Lehre dc* Pelagius (Leipzig, 1842): Worter, Der Pelagianismus nach seinem Ursprung und seiner Lehre (Freiburg, 1874) ; Klasen, DieinnereErUwicklungdesPelagianismus{,'FTe\\>UTi, 1882); Ernst, Pelagianische Studien in Katholik, II (1884), 225 sqq.; I (188,5), 241 sqq.; Warfield, Two Studies in the History of Doctrine: Augustine and the Pelagian Controversy: The Development of the Doctrine of InfarU Saltation (New York, 1897) ; Brockner, Julian ton Eclanum, sein Leben und seine Lehre (Leipzig, 1897) ; Hepele. Konziliengeschickte, II (Freiburg. 1875). 104 sqq.; Schwane. Dogmengeschichte, II (Freiburg, 1895); Hergenrother-Kirsch. Kirchengeschichle, I (Freiburg, 1902); Tixeront. Histoire des dofimo, II (Paris, 190'J); Peters in A'irc/ienieziton, ». v. ; Loofs

in Realencyclopadie far protest. Theologie, XV (Leipzig, 1904). 747 sqq.; Koch in Kirchl. Handlexikon, a. v.

Joseph Pohle.

Pelargus, Ambrose, theologian, b. at Nidda, Ile.s.sc, about 1488; d. at Trier, 15.57. Stork (Greek I'clargon, whence Pelargus) entered the Dominican order probably at Freiburg, Breisgau. He was famed for Ills eloquence and admired for the elegance of his writings, being skilled in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. His piilcmical efforts were directed principally against the An:il):ii)tists, the Iconoclasts, and those who re- jecteil tlic .\Ia.ss. He attended the Diet of Worms (1540) and the Council of Trent in 1546, as theologian and procurator of the Archbishop of Trier. On 10 May, 1546, he addressed the assembled Fathers. When the council was transferred to Bologna in 1547, Charles V, incensed against Pelargus because he had favoured the transfer, induced the archbishop to recall him, but the latter chose him again as his theologian in 1561. His principal works are: "Apol- ogia sacrificii eucharistiae contra CEcolampadium " (Ba.sle, 1528); " Hyperaspismus, seu apologia; pro- pugnatio ..." (Basle, 1529); "Opuscula", against An.abaptists and Iconoclasts (Freiburg, 1534); "Di- vina S. Joannis Chrysos. Liturgia, e Graeco Latine ab Ambrosio Pelargo versa et illustrata" (Worms, 1541); "Inter Pelargum et Erasmum epistolae (Cologne, 1,539).

Qn^TlF AND EcHARD, Siyripl. Ord. Prad., II (Paris, 1721), 158; Pallavicini, Hist. Conc.Trid. (Antwerp, 1670), pt. II, bk. X, ii, 6.

D. J. Kenedy.

Pelisson-Fontanier, Paul, a French writer, b. at Ik'ziers in lt)24, of Protestant parents; d. at Ver- sailles, 7 February, 1693. He finished his classical studies at the age of eleven at Castres, studied phil- oso]5hy at Montauban, law at Toulouse, and, when only nineteen years old, published a Latin translation of. and a commentary on, the first book of Justinian's "Institutes". In 1653 he wrote his "Histoire del' Aca- demic fran9aise", which procured his election to that body. He became secretary to Superintendent Fou- quet in 1652, master of accounts at IMont])ellier in 1659, counsellor of the king in 1660. \\ hen Fouquet was discharged, Pelisson stood faithfully by him and was imprisoned in the Bastille (1661), where he re- mained four years. There he wrote his three "Md- moires" in defence of Fouquet. Liberated in 1666 he was named royal historian by Louis XIV. In 1670 he abjured the Protestant religion, received minor orders and subdiaconate, was given the Abbey of (iuieont, and made administrator of divers benefices and disburser of the money destined for needy converts. The charge that he refused the last sacraments on his deathbed is false; he attended to his religious duties to the last. His works include: "Histoire de Louis XIV" (published by Lemascrier, 1749); "Reflexions sur les difTerends en matiere de reUgion" (1686), against Jurieu and Leibnitz; "Traite de I'Eucharistie" (Paris, 1694), these two works are in Migne, "Demonstrations evangeliques". III; "Prieres au Saint-Sacrement " (1734); " Prieres sur les epttres et les 6vangiles de I'annde" (1734).

Chev^. Diet, des conversions in Migne, Encycl. thcologique; Rasb, Convcrtiten, VIII ; Marcou, Pelisson. Etude sur sa vie et sea auvres (Paris, 1859).

George M. Sauvage.

Pella, a titular see and suffragan of Scythopolis in Pala^stina Secunda. According to Stephanus Byzan- tius (s. v.), the town must have been founded by Alex- ander; in any ca.se it is a Macedonian foundation. Alexander Janneus captured it, and as he was unable to persuade the inhabitants to embrace Judaism, de- stroyed it (Josephus, "Bel. Jud.", I, iv, 8; "Ant. Jud."

XIII, XV, 4); Pompey rebuilt it and reunited it to the Province of Syria ("Bel. Jud." I, vii, 7; "Ant. .lud.",

XIV, iv, 4); it became then a part of Decapolis, re-