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near Frankenhausen by the confederated princes of Saxony, Brunswick, Hesse, and Mansfeld. The prophet Miinzer was executed. At about the same time the uprising in southern Germany was subdued. In Alsace tlie peasants were conquered on 17 May by the united forces of Duke Anton of Lorraine and the Governorof Morsperg; in Wiirtemberg they were over- thrown near Sindelfingen by the commander of the forces of the Swabian League. The mobs of Odenwald and Rothenburg were utterly crushedon 2 and 4 June; and on 7 June \Vurzburg had to surrender. The over- throw of the peasants on the upper and middle Rhine required more time. The revolt had taken a more orderly course in Upper Swabia, the Black Forest, and in Switzerland. The north-west and the east were entirely free from the insurrection, for at that time the position of the peasants there was more favourable. Formerly it was thought that after this uprising the condition of the peasants became worse than before, but this view is incorrect. At first, it is true, the severity of martial law had absolute sway; thus, there were 60 executions in Wurzburg, and 211 in the whole of Franconia. But the period of terror had also been a lesson to the victors. The condition of the peasants did not grow essentially worse, though it did not greatly improve. Only in a few exceptional cases were reforms introduced, as in Baden and the Tyrol.

ZiMMERMANN, Geschichte des Bauernkrieges (Stuttgart, 1845); Bax, The Peasants* War in Germany (London, 1899) ; Janssen, Gesrhirhte dcs deutschen Volkes (17th and 18th ed. Freiburg, 1897): fiToi^ZE, Der deutsche Bauernkrieg (Halle, 1908); Sommer- lad, Bauernkrieg in Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, H (.■irdetl. Jena, 1909), 653-62; Wolff, Der deutsche Bauernk-rieg in Deutsche GeschichtsbUitter, XI (Gotha, 1909), 61-72.

Klembns Lofpler.

Peba Indians (or Peva), the principal of a small group of cognate tribes, comprising the Peba proper, Caumari, Cauhuaclii, Pacaya, and Yagua (Zava by error in Chantre y Herrera), together constituting the Peban Unguistic stock, and formerly occupying the country about the confluence of the Javari with the Amazon, in territory held by Peru, but in part claimed also by Ecuador and Colombia. In their primitive condition they resembled the neighbouring Jivaro and Pano, though of less fierce and warUke temper. They held a close friendship with the power- ful Oinagua of Southern Colombia, and in the eigh- teenth centurj' formed an important element in the celebrated Jesuit missions of the "JMainas province" of the upper Amazon region. In 1735 (or 1736) the Jesuit Fr. Singler of the Omagua mission with a few Indian companionc reached the main village of the Caumari and later that of the Peba, who received him with good will and presented him with their most precious gifts, viz. jars filled with the deadly curari poi.son used by the hunters for tipping their blowgun arrows. They allowed him to set up a cross in the vil- lage and hstened with respect to his teaching. Some of both tribes accompanied him to the Omagua mission of San Joaquin, but, their health suffering, they were soon brought back and established in a separate mission called San Ignacio de Pebas, which was placed in charge of Fr. Adan Vidman. Some of the kindred Cauhuachi (Covachi), formerly attached to another Omagua mission, were also brought to San Ignacio, as were later the Yagua. Although nearly related, the tribes differed greatly in tempera- ment. The Peba, according to Fr. Chantre y Herrera, were active and vigorous but rough in manner; the Cauhuachi were equally rude, but more industrious; the Caumari were the neatest and most intelligent; while the Yagua were of restless habit.

In 1754, tribal dissensions culminated in the murder of the resident missionary, Fr. Jose Casado, by two brothers of the Caumari tribe, resulting in the tem- porary desertion of the mission of all but the Peba. Fr. Jose de Vahamonde, a veteran of seventeen years'

service in the Amazon forests, was sent to restore order, and under his kindly promises and treatment the fugitives returned and the mission doubled its former number. In spite of smallpox, other epidemic visitations, and the raids of Portuguese slave hunters from Brazil, the mission of San Ignacio de Pebas held its rank until the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768. It then stood fifth in the list of 33 missions of the Mainas province, with 700 souls, Father Vaha- monde being still in charge. Others of the same tribal group were at the mission of San Ignacio de Mainas, and possibly at other missions. On account of the great diversity of dialects the missionaries had introduced the Quichua language of Peru as the com- mon medium of communication. After the expulsion of the Jesuits the missions were continued under Franciscan auspices with some success. When Peru became a separate government in 1821, the missions were neglected and fell into decay. The mission Indians, who had steadily dwindled in number, be- came scattered and either lost their identity in the mixed population or joined their still wild forest kindred. The small town of Pebas, on the Amazon, now occupies the site of the old mission. The former tribes are extinct or assimilated, with the exception of a remnant of the Yagua, noted for their fine phy- sique, some of whom are about Pebas and the Napo while oth'-rs dwell on the lower Javari. The greater portion of their tribe was destroyed by smallpox in 1877.

(See also JIbaro Indians; Maina Indians; Mame- Luco; Pang Indians.)

Chantre y Herrera. Hist, de las Misiones de la CompaHia de Jesus en el Maratlon Espafiol. 1637-1767 (Madrid. 1901) ; Hervas, Catdlogo de las Lenguas, I (Madrid, 1800) ; Orton, The Andes and the Amazon (3rd ed.. New York, 1876); Brinton, The American Race (New York, 1891) ; Mabkham. Tribes in the Valley of the Amazon in Jour. Anthrop. Inst., XXIV (London. 1895); Galt, Indians of Peru in Rept. Smithsonian Instn.for 1877 (Washington, 1S78); Ordinaire. Les Sauvages du Perou in Reiue d'Ethno- graphie, VI (Paris, 1887).

James Moonet.

Pecci, Gioacchino. See Leo XIII, Pope.

Pecham (Peccham), John, Archbishop of Canter- bury, b. about 1240; d. 6 December, 1292. His birth- place was Patcham in Sussex, called in the Middle Ages Pecham (Peccham), in common with Peckham in Surrey and Kent. He received his education from the monks of Lewes, but it is doubtful whether he was a student at Merton College, Oxford. He also studied at Paris, was tutor to the nephew of H. de Andegavia, and later entered the Order of Friars Minor. He suc- ceeded Thomas de Bungay, O.F.M., and taught divin- ity, being the first to dispute de Quolibet at Oxford; Pecham became ninth Provincial of England (Parkin- son says twelfth), and was called to Rome in 1276 and appointed lector sacri palalii. When Robert Kil- wardby resigned the See of Canterbury, Edward I re- quested Pecham to take up the cause of Robert Bur- nell. Bishop of Bath and Wells, and Chancellor of England, but in January, 1279, Pecham himself was elected to that see, and consecrated by Nicholas III. He held a Provincial Council at Reading, 31 July, 1279, in which he carried out the pope's verbal in- structions and published fresh enactments against pluralities. In October, 1281, he summoned another Provincial Council to Lambeth, where among other matters his solicitude for the Holy Eucharist is note- worthy. His zeal prompted him to visit every part of his province, uprooting abuses wherever he found them. He compelled the royal chapels which claimed exemption to submit to the visitation. On this oc- casion he proved that he had inherited the fearless courage of his predecessors, yet retained the royal favour. He intervened with success in behalf of Al- meric de Montfort, and had Llewellyn listened to him, he might have averted his own fate and that of his country. His suffragans complained that his zeal had