Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/659

 PAX

595

PAZMANY

ceremony still obtains in low masses (Ruhr. Mis., X, n. 3), when the peace is thus given to prelates and princes, not to others except in rare cases established by custom. The acolyte or server kneeling at the right of the celebrant presents the tablet. The cele- brant kissing it

says: "Pax te- cum"; the server answers: "Etcum spiritutuo". The server then carries the instrument in turn to those who are to receive the peace, saying to each: "Pax te- cum"; each re- sponds, "Et cum spiritu tuo", and then genuflects.

VENABLE8 in Did. Christ. Antiq., a. v. Kiss; Carp, Biblio- theca liturg.. I, 204.

A. B. Meehan.

Pax in the Liturgy. — Pax

vobis (or vobis- ciim), like the other liturgical salutations (e. g. Do minus vobis- cum), is of Scrip- tural origin. The Gospels contain such forms as: "veniet pax ves- tra", "pax vestra revertetur ad vos" (Matt., X, 13), "Pax huic domui" (Luke, x, 5), "Pax vobis" (Luke, xxiv, 36; John, .\x, 21, 26). The salutation, "Gratia vobis et pax" or "Gratia miseri- cordia et pax", is the opening formula of most of the Epistles of St. Paul and of St. Peter, and occurs also in those of St. John as well as in the Apocalypse. The formula was quoted from the Old Testament by Our Lord and His Apostles (cf. especially "Pax vobis- cum", "Pax tecum". Gen., xliii, 23; Judges, vi, 23), and was thus naturally preserved in the liturgy and in Christian epigraphy as a memorial of Apostolic times. Like the Dominus vobiscum, it was first used in the liturgy (in the form of Pax vobis) by the bishop in wel- coming the faithful at the beginning of the Mass be- fore the Collect or the Oratio. When the Confiteor, In- troil, Gloria in excelsis were added at a later period, the Pax vobis or the Dominus vobiscum was preserved. The form Pax vobis is now employed by bishops and prelates only — Dominus vobiscum being used by priests — at the first Collect. Hence the Dominus vo- biscum became the ordinary introduction to all the orations and most of the prayers. The Greeks have preserved the Pax omnibus or Pax vobiscum. There was formerly a certain rivalry between the two for- mulae, Pax vobis and Dominus vobiscum, and some coun- cils (notably that of Braga in .563) ordained that both bishops and priests should employ the same form of salutation (for the texts, see the bibliography). Be- sides this episcopal or sacerdotal salutation, the words Pax tecum, Pax vobis, or Pax vobiscum are used in the Liturgy at the kiss of peace. On such occasions the Liturgy contains prayers or collects ad pacem (cf. Kiss; Cabrol in "Diet, d'arch^ol. et de liturgie", s. v. "Baiser de Paix", where all references are given). In the Ambrosian Liturgy, at the end of the Mass, the people are dismissed with the words: "Ite in pace" (cf. "Auctarium Solesmense", 95). Dom Mart^ne (op. cit. in bibliography, III, 171, 174) gives other in-

stances of the use of the word Pax. In Christian epi- graphy there is a variety of formulae: pax; in pace; pax tecum; vivas in pace; requiescat in pace; pax Christi tecum sit; anima dulcissima requiescas in pace; dor- mit in pace; in locum refrigerii, lueis et pacis (from the formula in the Mass at the Memento of the Dead). See Inscriptions, Early Christian; Le Blant," In- scriptions chret. de la Gaule", I, 264, etc.; Northcote, "Epitaphs of the Catacombs" (London, 1878), v, and bibliography.

In addition to the works and articles cited in the text, consult: Petek Damian, an opusculum on Dominus Vobiscum in P. L., CXLV, 234; Zaccaeia, Onomasticon, a. w. Pax vobis and Salu- tatio ep^scopatis; Bona, Rerum liturg., Ill, 12, 88 sqq.; Smith, Diet, of Christ. Antiq., a. v. Pax (cf. Dominus vobiscum); De dig- nitale sacerdotali (not written bv St. Ambroae, as was long be- lieved, but by Gerbert), v, in P. L., XVII, 598, and CXXXIX. 175, contains an important text on this subject; Rocca. De satu- tatione sacerdotis in missa et divinis officiis in Thesaurus anliquitat., I (Rome, 1745), 236; MartJ:ne, De antiq. cedes, rilibus, I, 151 sqq.; Mamachi. Origines et antiq. Christ., IV, 479; III, 17, 19; Ephemerides liturg. (Feb., 1910), 108; Probst, Die abendldndische Messe, 104, 404, 437; see Dominus Vobiscum, V, 114; Cabrol in Diet, d'archiol. chrit., a. v. Acclamations. For thf formiiln Pot and other formulas in funeral epigraphy, cf. Ins( m ii i. .v- I * hi y Christian; Kirsch, Die Acclamatiouen u. dl" - //

Grabschriften (Cologne. 1897); Idem, Les accl.i: ,,i-

taphes chret. de V antiquity et les priires liturg. pour I l jt;.;,..' m IV^ Congres scientifique des Catholiques (Fribourg, 1S98), 113-22; SrxTO, Notiones archaeol. Christ., II, Epigraphia, 94 sqq.; Cabrol, La prih-e pour les marts in Revue d'apotogetique (15 Sept., 1909); Idem, Livre de la priire antique, 67, 69.

Fernand Cabrol. Pax Tecum. See Kiss.

Pax Vobis. See Pax in the Liturgy.

Payeras, Mariano, b. 10 Oct., 1769, at Inca, Island of Majorca; d. 28 April, 1823. He received the habit of St. Francis at Palma, ,5 Sept., 1784; left Spain in Feb., 1793, to join the College of San Fernando, Mexico, which provided missionaries for the Indian missions in California. He was sent to Monterey and stationed at San Carios, 1796-1798; at Soledad, 1798- 1803; at San Diego, 1803-1804; at Purisima Concep- cion, 1804-1823. From July, 181.5, to April, 1820, Father Payeras held the offices of presidente of the mis- sions and vicario foraneo of the Bishop of Sonora, to whose jurisdiction California belonged. In 1819 the College of San Fernando elected him comisario-pre- fecto of the missions, in which capacity he, at various times, visited the twenty missions then existing from San Diego to San Rafael, a distance of more than six hundred miles. The zealous prelate also headed vari- ous expeditions to the territory of the savages for the purpose of finding suitable sites for new missions. Six months before his death he accompanied an expedi- tion to the Russian settlements in the wilds of Sonoma County, and thereby most probably hastened his de- mise. In 1819 Fr. Payeras received the thanks of the King of Spain for his services during the Bouchard re- volt. While in charge of Purisima he compiled a cate- chism in the language of the Indians, which was put to use but never published. "There was no friar of bet- ter and more evenly balanced ability", says H. H. Bancroft. "It was impossible to quarrel with him. He had extraordinary business ability, was a clear and forcible, as well as a voluminous writer, and withal a man of great strength of mind and firmness of charac- ter".

Santa Barbara Mission Archives; Mission Records of Purisima Concepcion; Enoelhahdt, The Franciscans in California (Har- bor Springs, Mich., 1897) ; Idem, The Missions and Missionaries of California, II (San Francisco, 1911); Bancroft, History of California, II (San Francisco, 188G).

Zephyrin Engelhardt.

Paz, La. See La Paz, Diocese of.

Pazm&ny, Peter, famous Hungarian ecclesiastic of the seventeenth century; d. 19 March, 1637. He was born of noble blood. His parents were Calvinists; his stepmother, who was a Catholic, turned the boy's spirit towards the Catholic Church. After making his elementary studies in Nagyvdrad, where two Jesuits