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 PAVIA

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PAVIA

consuls. The coins of Pavia were in great demand, while its agriculture and its industries flourished. The city was able in war-time to arm 15,000 infantry and 3000 mounted troops. Pavia remained Ghibelline even under Frederick II (1227), and in 1241 its forces defeated the Pontifical Crusaders under Gregorio da Montelongo. In the second half of the thirteenth cen- tury contentions for the lordship of the city arose be- tween the Langosco and the Beccaria families; and this made it possible for Matteo Visconti (1315) to oc- cupy the town, for which, however, the marquesses of Montferrat also contended, until Galeazzo II Visconti in 1359 suppressed the brief popular government that was established by the Augustinian preacher, Jacopo Bussolari (1356-59). From that time on, Pavia be- longed to the Duchy of Milan; the Sforzas, however, gave it a Government of its own. In 1499 Louis Xll took the city, and thereafter severely punished an in- surrection of the town against him In 1524 Pavia was again besieged unsuccessfully bj the French and in the following j'car, the battle th it rtci ided the ^pin ish domination of Milan was fought there, for the taking of Pavia by Lautrec in 1527 had no impor- tant consequence. The town underwent another siege by the French in 1655. It was taken by the .^us- trians in 1706, and again by the French in 1733 and in 1745; the latter, however, were obliged to leave it to the Austrians^in 1746, and PaviafoUowed tin' fortunes of Lombard v. In 1786, Joseph 11 established there one of the so-called ' ' general seminaries ' ' , suppressed in 1791.

Pavia is the birthplace of: the historian Liutprand, Bishop of Cremona; St. Bernardo Balbi, a collector of decretals; the painter Andreino d'Edesia, a contem- porary of Giotto; the canon Zanella, inventor of the bassoon. The Gospel was brought to this city by St. Syrus, according to legend a disciple of St. Peter; but according to the martyrology of Ado, on the author- ity of an Aquileian martyrology, he was sent by St. Hermagoras, first Bishop of Aquileia. Admitting that Eventius, present at the Council of Aquileia in 381, was the sixth Bishop of Pavia, it may well be that this diocese dates from the second half of the third cen- tury; among its other bishops were Ursicinus (before 397); St. Crispinus (432); St. Epiphanius (466), a providential blessing to Italy in the time of Ricimer, Odoacer, and Theodoric; St. Maximus (496); Eniio- dius (511), a famous orator and poet, decorated by St. Hormisdas with the pallivim.

After the Lombard occupation, there was also an Arian bishop at Pavia; he had the church of San Euse- bio as cathedral; the last one of these was St. Anas- tasius, who became a Catholic and sole bishop of the see. After him were: St. Damianus, Biscossia (680), author of a letter against the Monothelites; Armen- tarius (seventh century) who contended with the Archbishop of Milan regarding metropolitan jurisdic- tion; St. Petrus (726), a relative of King Aripert, and therefore exiled in his youth by Grimoald; St. Theo- dorus (745), exiled for unknown reasons, returned only after the victories of Charlemagne; Waldo (791), formerly Abbot of Reichenau; St. Joannes (801); Joannes II (874), to whom John VIII gave the pal- lium, thereafter given to his successors; Joannes III XL— 38

(884), obtained the use of the cross and of the white horse; Pietro Canepanova (978), chancellor of Otto II, became Pope John XIV; Gulielmo (1073), followed the antipope Guibert, and was deposed; Guido Pipari (1100), more of a warrior than a prelate; Pietro Tos- cano (1148), a Cistercian, friend of St. Bernard and of St. Thomas k Becket, expelled by Barbarossa, who held the Conciliabulum of Pavia against Alexander III in 1159; St. Lanfranc (1180) and St. Bernardo Balbi (1198), famous jurists and canonists; St. Fulco Scotti (1216); Guido de Langosco (1296), also a canonist; Isnardo Tocconi, O.P., administrator of the diocese from 1311 to 1320 and imprisoned as a suspect of heresy, but acquitted; Gulielmo Centuaria (1386), O. Min., noted for his apostolic zeal; Francesco Picco- pasio (1427), took a great part in the Council of Basle; Giovanni Castiglioni (1454), became cardinal, and served on several occasions as pontifical legate; Car- dinal Jacopo \mmannati (1460), distinguished him- self m the defence of the Marches against Sigismondo M d il( 1 1 dso a protector of belles-lettres; Cardinal Ascanio Sforza (1479) ; Canlinal Francesco Alidosio (1.505), killed at Ravenna in 1511; C;ian M. del Monte (1520), became Pope Julius III; Ippolito de Rubcis (1564). re- stored the cathedral, founded the seminary, and introduced the reforms of the Coun- cil of Trent; he had disputes with St. Charles Borromeo in regard to metropolitan rights, and later be- came cardinal; St. Alcssandro Sauli (1591-93); Jacopo Antonio Morigia (1701); Luigi Tosi (1822), who gave to Mgr Dupuch, Archbishop of Carthage, the forearm of St. Augustine; Pietro M. Ferre (18.59), for two years prevented by the new Government from taking posses- sion of his diocese; Lucido M. Parrochi (1871-77), be- came a cardinal and Vicar Apostolic of Rome.

The councils of Pavia were held in the following years: 850, 855, 876, 879, 889, 997, 998, 1018, 1046, 1114, 1128, 1423, which last was transferred later to Pisa.

The diocese is a suffragan of Milan; it has 82 par- ishes, 110,300 inhabitants, 4 religious hou.ses of men, and 19 of women, 2 educational establishments for boys, 4 for girls, and 1 tri-weekly publication.

Cappelletti, Le Chiese d' Italia, X; Capsoni. Memorie slor. di Pavia (17S2); Marroni, De ecclesia et episcopia PapiensibuB (Pavia, 17.57) ; Morbio, Storia dei municipii italiani {Pavia and Milan, 1840).

U. Benigni.

University of Pavia. — Pavia was, even in Ro- man times, a literary centre (Ennodius) ; as the capi- tal of the Lombard" kingdom it had its "grammar" schools, and Em))eror Lofhair erected a "central" school there (825). In the tenth and twelfth centu- ries there were jirofessors of <lialoct ic and law as well as of literature, .and, although the authority of Bologna was then incontestable, the opinions of the "Papien- ses" were cited with respect. One of these was a cer- tain Lanfr.anco. .\nother Lanfranco, who died bishop of the city, had been prcjfessor of arts and theology. Until KiCi'l there was no SlNiliinii Cniirair at Pavia; whoever .sought legal hnnoiir- weiii ti. P.ologna. There were other schools, however, at the beginning of the fourteenth century. In 1361 Galeazzo II obtained