Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/652

 PAUL

590

PAX7L

tended by it a common substanoo out of which both Father and Son proceedoil, or which it divided be- tween them, — so St. Basil and St. Athanasius; but the question is not clear. The objectors to the Nicene aoctrine in the fourth century made copious use of this disapproval of the Nicene word by a famous council. The fragments are best collected by Kouth, " Hell. SS.", III. Further fragments in Pitra, "Analecta sa- cra", III-IV. The letter of St. Dionysius is spurious. That of si.\ bishops to Paul is usually rejected, but Harnack thinks it genuine, following Hagemann.

Har.sack, Gesch. der AUchristl. Liu., I (1S93) ; B.\rdenhewer, Ge^ch. der AUkircUichen liU., II (1903); Hefele, Councils, I (tr. 1883) ; R^viLLE, La ChHstologie de Paid de Samosate in Eludes de crit%qu( et d'bistoire (Paris. 1896).

John Chapman.

Paul of the Cross, Saint (Paul Francis Danei), b. at Ovada, Genoa, Italy, 3 Jan., 1694; d. in Rome, 18 Oct., 1775. His parents, Luke Danei and Anna Maria Massari, were exemplary Catholics. From his ear- hest years the crucifix was his book, and the Cruci- fied his model. Paul received his early education from a priest who kept a school for boj's, in Cremolino, Lombardy. He made great progress in study and vir- tue; spent much time in prayer, heard daily Mass, frequently re- ceived the Sacra- ments, faithfully attended to his school duties, and gave his spare time to reading good books and visiting the churches, where he spent much time before the Blessed Sacra- ment, to which he had an ardent devotion. At the age of fifteen he left school and re- turned to his home at Castellazzo, and from this time his life was full of trials. In early manhood he renounced the offer of an honourable marriage; also a good inheritance left him by an uncle who was a priest. He kept for himself only the priest's Breviary.

Inflamed with a desire for God's glory he formed the idea of instituting a religious order in honour of the Passion. Vested in a black tunic by theBishop of Ales- sandria, his director, bearing the emblem of our Lord's Passion, barefooted, and bareheaded, he retired to a narrow cell where he drew up the Rules of the new congregation according to the plan made known to him in a vision, which he relates in the introduc- tion to the original copy of the Rules. For the ac- count of his ordination to the priesthood, of the foun- dation of the Congregation of the Passion, and the approbation of the Rules, see Passionists. After the approbation of the Rules and the institute the first general chapter was held at the Retreat of the Pres- entation on Mount Argentaro on 10 April, 1747. At this chapter, St. Paul, against his wishes, was unanimously elected first superior general, which office he held until the day of his death. In all virtues and in the observance of regular discipline, he became a model to his companions. "Although continually occupied with the cares of governing his religious soci- ety, and of founding everj^where new houses for it, yet he never left off preaching the word of God, burning as he did with a wondrous desire for the salvation of souls " CBrief of Piufl IX for St. Paul's Beatification, 1 Oct.,

Crosh

1852). Sacred missions were instituted and numerous conversions were made. He was untiring in his Apos- tolic labours and never, even to his last hour, remitted anything of his austere manner of life, finally suc- cumbing to a severe illness, worn out as much by hia austerities as by old age.

Among the distinguished associates of St. Paul in the formation and extension of the congregation were; John Baptist, his younger brother and constant companion from childhood, who shared all his labours and sufferings and equalled him in the practice of virtue; Father Mark AureUus (Pastorelli), Father Thomas Struzzieri (subsequently Bishop of Amelia and afterwards of Todi), and Father Fulgentius of Jesus, all remarkable for learning, piety, and mission- ary zeal; Venerable Strambi, Bishop of Macerata, and Tolentino, his biographer. Constant personal union with the Cross and Passion of our Lord was the prominent feature of St. Paul's sanctity. But devo- tion to the Passion did not stand alone, for he carried to a heroic degree all the other virtues of a Christian life. Numerous miracles, besides those special ones brought forward at his beatification and canonization, attested the favour he enjoyed with God. Miracles of grace abounded, as witnessed in the conversion of sin- ners seemingly hardened and hopeless. For fifty years he prayed for the conversion of England, and left the devotion as a legacy to his sons. The body of St. Paul lies in the Basilica of SS. John and Paul, Rome. He was beatified on 1 October, 1852, and canonized on 29 June, 1867. His feast occurs on 28 April. The fame of his sanctity, which had spread far and wide in Italy during his life, increased after his death and spread into all countries. Great devotion to him is practised by the faithful wherever Passionists are es- tablished.

Lives of St. Paul by; Strambi in Oratorian Series {3 vols., Lon- don, 1S53) : Fr. Pius of the Name of Mary, tr. by Fr. Ignatius Spencer (London and New York) ; Pius a Spiritu Sancto (Lon- don. 1868); and Fr. Louis of Jesus Agonizing (Bordeaux); Fr. Luke C. P., A greal Apostle of the Crucified (Rome).

Arthur Devine.

Paul the Hermit, Saint. — There are thre&' im- portant versions of the Life of St. Paul: (1) the Latin version (//) of St. Jerome; (2) a Greek version (6), much shorter than the Latin; (3) a Greek version (a), which is either a translation of H or an amplification of b by means of H. The question is whether H or b is the original. Both a and b were published for the first time by Bidez in 1900 ("Deux versions grectjues in^dites de la vie de s. Paul de Thebes ", Ghent). Bidez maintains that H was the original Life. This view has been attacked by Nau, who makes b the original in the "Analect. BoUand." of 1901 (XX, 121-157). The Life, minor details excepted, is the same in either version.

When a young man of sixteen Paul fled into the de.s- ert of the Thebaid during the Decian persecution. He lived in a cave in the mountain-side till he was one-hundred-and-thirteen. The mountain, adds St. Jerome, was honeycombed with caves.

When he was ninety St. Anthony was tempted to vain-glory, thinking he was the first to dwell in the desert. In obedience to a vision he set forth to find his predecessor. On his road he met with a demon in the form of a centaur. Later on he spied a tin^ old man with horns on his head. "Who are you? ' asked Antony. "I am a corpse, one of those whom the heathen call satyrs, and by them were snared into idolatry." This is the Greek storv (b) which makes both centaur and satvr unmistakably demons, one of which tries to terrify the saint, while the other acknowl- edges the overthrow of the gods. With St. Jerome the centaur may have been a demon; and may also have been "one of those monsters of which the desert is so prohfic." At all events he tries to show the saint the way. As for the satyr he is a harmless Uttle mortal de-