Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/650

 PAULISTS

588

PAUL

Among tlip members of the conpreRation to attain prominence were George Martinuzzi, Bishop of Grosswardcin and cardinal (murdered 16 Dec., 1551), an ini|ii)rlant figure in the historj- of Hiuicary; Mat- thias I'ulirmann of Hernals (d. 1773), historian of Austria and editor of the Acts of St. Paul of Thebes; Forlunatus Diirich (1802), and Franz Faustin Pro- cha.-^ka id. 1S09), editors of a Czech translation of the Script ures. The garb was originally brown, but about 1341 white was adopted, with a cincture, and over the habit a scapular with a hood. In choir a white mantle is worn.

(2) Hermits of St. Paul of France, also called Broth- ers of Death. — There is much discas.sion as to the ori- gin of this congregation, but it was probably founded about 11520 by Guillaume Callier, whose constitutions for it %vere approved by Paul V (18 Dec., 1020) and later by Louis XIII (May, 1621). There were two cla.sses of montisteries, those in the cities, obliged to maintain at letist twelve members, who visited the poor, the sick, and prisoners, attended those con- demned to death, and buried the dead; and the houses outside the city, with which were connected separate cells in which sf)litaries lived, the whole community assembling weekly for choir and monthly in chapter to confess their sins. Severe fasts and disciplines were prescribed. The name Brothers of Death originated in the fact that the thought of death was constantly before the religious. At their profession the prayers for the dead were recited; their scapular bore the skull; their salutation was Memento mori; the death's head wa.s set before them at table and in their cells. This congregation was sup|)ressed by Urban VIII in 1633.

(3) Hermits of St. Paul of Portugal. — .\mong the con- flicting accounts of the foundation of this congrega- tion, the most credible seems to be that it was estab- lislied about 1420 by Mendo Gomez, a nobleman of Simbria, who resigned dearly bought military laurels to retire to a solitude near Setuval, where he built an oratory and gave himself up to prayer and penance, gradually' assuming the leadership of a number of other hermits in the vicinity. Later a community of hermits of Sierra de Ossa, the date of whose founda- tion is also in dispute, being left without a .superior, prevailed on Mendo Gomez to unite the two communi- ties, under the [latronage of St. Paul, first hermit. At the chapter held after the death of the founder (24 Jan., 1481), constitutions were drawn up, which at a later date were approved, with some alterations, by Gregory XIII (1578), at the request of Cardinal Henry of Portugal, who also obtained for the congregation the privilege of adopting the Rule of St. Augustine. This congregation was later suppressed. Probably the most celebrated member was Antonius a Matre Dei, author of ".■\pis Libani", a commentary on the Proverbs of Solomon.

(4) liliTui Sinters of St. Paul, founded at Paris in 1852, by A. F. Villemain (d. 1870), Anne Bergunion (d. 183), and the .\bb(:' Jug^, to enable blind women to lead a religious life, and to facilitate the training of blind children in useful occupations. A home was established for blind women and girls with defective sight.

(5) Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres (also called to St. Maurice) known also as Hospitallers of Chartres, founded in the latter part of the seventeenth century for leaching and the care of the poor and sick. After the Revolution the congregation was revived, was authorized by the Government in 181 1, and soon num- bered 1200 sisters and over 100 houses in England, Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Corea, China. Japan, Further India, the Philippines, etc. In China a novitiate has been established for native subjects, and in Hong-Kong a school for European children, besides various benevolent in.stitutions. In Further India there are thirty institutions, chiefly of a benevolent nature, in addition to a novitiate, which

has already admitted a number of native postulants. In the Philippines arc schools and a leper hospital.

Heimbucher, Orden und Konorenalionrn (Padorborn, 1907); HfiLYOT, Ordres retigieux (Paris. 1859), s. v. Eggerer, FraO' mm panis Corvi proto-ercmitici (Vienna, 1663); cont. by Bobko- vicH AND Benoeh (Presburg, 1743); Mallecuich, Quadriparti- tum Tcgularium s. dc prinlegiU ct iuribus 0. s. Pauli (Vienna, 1708); Rcgula: s. conslituliones motmchorum excalccatorum a. Pauti primi cremitx cong. Lusitana: (I^isbon, 1785); Nicolas DE Maria, Chron. da ord. dos Concqos liertrant. de .S. Agostino; La congHgation des sorars avcugles de St Paul pendant »on pre- mier demi-sucle (Paris, 1903).

Florence Rudge McGah.\n.

Paulists. See Missionary Society op Saint Paul the Apo.stle.

Paul of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria; Jewish name, Solomon ii.a-Levi), a Spanish archbishop, lord chancellor and exegete, b. at Burgos about 1351 ; d. 20 Aug., 14:-)5. He was the most wcall h y :ind inHiienl i;il Jew of Hurgos, a scholar of the lirst rank in Talmudic and rabbinical literature, and a Rabbi of the Jewish community. The irresistible logic of the Summa of St. Thomas led him to the Faith of Christ. He re- ceived Baptism, 21 July, 1390. His brothers Pedro Suarez and Alvar Garcia, together with his daughter and four boys, aged from three to twelve years, were baptized with him. His wife Joanna died a Jewess shortly after. Paul dc Santa Maria, as he was called, spent some years at the University of Paris, where he took his degree of doctor in theology. His sincerity, keen insight into human n:iture, thorough education, and soul-stirring eloquence marked him out as a prom- inent churchman of the future. In 1405 he became Bishop of Cartagena; in 1415, Archbishop of Burgos. In 1416 King Henry of Castile named him lord chan- cellor. After the king's dcatli Archbishop Paul was a member of the council which ruled Castile in the name of the regent Doi'ia Cat:din:i, and by the will of the deceased king he was tutor to the heir to the throne — later John II of Castile. The published writings of Archbishop Paul were: — (1) "Dialogus Pauli et Sauli contra Juda?os, sive Scrutinium scrip- turarum" (Mantua, 1475; Mainz, 1478; Paris, 1.507, 1.535; Burgos, 1.591). (2) "Additiones" to the "Pos- tilla" of Nicholas of Lyra (Nuremberg, 1481; 1485; 1487, etc.; Venice, 14S1, 1482, etc.). It is chiefly on the latter work that Paul's reputation as an exegete rests. The "Additiones" were originally mere mar- ginal notes written in a volume of the " Postilla" which he sent to his son Alfonso. Their publication aroused Matthias Doring, the provincial of the Saxon Fran- ciscans, to publish his "Replica;", a bitter rejection of almost half of the 1100 suggestions and additions Paul had made. The converted Jew was superior to Nicholas of Lyra in Hebrew, but not in Biblical interpretations; in fact, Paul erred in not admitting an inspired allegorical meaning of Holy Writ, preju- diced against it, no doubt, by the extravagance of Talmudic allegorical fancies. (3) " De nomine divino qua^stiones duodecim " (Utrecht, 1707). These tracts are excerpts from the "Additiones" in regard to Exod., iii, and are joined to the scholia of J. Drusiu;i on the correct pronunciation of the name of Jahweh. Archbishop Paul was succeeded in the See of Burgos by his second son, Alfonso.

Sanctotis, Vita d. Pauli episcopi Burgensis; Mariana, Historia general de Espafia, IV (Barcelona, 1839), 324; Antonio, Biblioih. hispan. vetus. II (Madrid, 1788). 237.

Walter Drum.

Paul of Middelburg, scientist and bishop, b. in 1446 at Middelburg, the ancient capital of the prov- ince of Zealand, belonging then to the German Em- pire, now to Holland; d. in Rome, 13 December, 1534. After finishing his studies in Louvain he received a canonry in his native town, of which he was after- wards deprived. The circumstances of this fact are not known, but in his apologetic letter on the celebra- tion of Easter he calls it a usurpation, and shows great