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 PAULINUS

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PAULINUS

Viris Illustribus" (xlix'l. The panegyric on the Em- peror Theodisius is unfortunately lost, a.s are also the "Opus saeramcntoruni et hymnorum", the "Epistola; ad Sororeni", the "Liber de Pirnitentia", the "Liber de Laudc Generali Omnium Martyrum", and a poeti- cal treatment of the "De Regibus" of Suetonius which Ausonius mentions. Forty-nine letters to friends have been preserved, as those to Sulpicius Severus, St. Augustine, St. Dclphinus, Bishop Vic- tricius of Rouen, Desiderius, Amandus, Pammachius etc. Thirty-three poems are also e.xtant. After 395 he composed annually a very long poem for the feast of St. Felix, in which he principally glorified the life, works, and miracles of his holy patron. Then going further back he brought in various religious and poetic motives. Tlic epic parts are very vivid, the lyrics full of real, unaflFected enthusiasm and an ardent ap- preciation of nature. Thirteen of these festal poems and fragments of the fourteenth have been preserved. Conspicuous among his other works are the poetic epistles to Au.^onius, the nuptial hymn to Julianus, which extols the dignity and sanctityof Christian mar- riage, and the [loeni of comfort to the parents of Celsus on the death of their child. Although Pauhnus has great versatility and nicety, still he is not entirelj' free from the mannerisms and ornate culture of his period. All his writings breathe a charming, ideal personality, freed from all terrestrial attachments, ever striving upward. Accoriling to Augustine, he also had an ex- aggerated idea concerning the veneration of saints and rehcs. His letter xxxii, written to Sulpicius Severus, has received special attention because in it he de- scribes the basilica of Nola, which he built, and gives copious accounts of the existence, construction, and purpo.se of Christian monuments. From Pauhnus too we have information concerning St. Peter's in Rome. During his lifetime Paulinus was looked upon as a saint. His body was first interred in the cathedral of Nola; later, in iienevento; thence it was conveyed by Otto HI to S. Bartolomeo all' Lsola, in Rome, and fi- nallv in compliance with the regulation of Pius X of 18 b>pt., 1908 (Acta Apostohcs Sedis, I, 245 sq.) it was restored to the cathedral of Nola. His feast, 22 June, was raised to the rank of a double.

Sancti Paulini Nolani EpisioUs et Carmina, ed. Hartel in Cor- pus scriptorum ecdesiasticorum latinorum, XXIX. XXX (Vienna, 1894); BcsE. Pautin, Bischof von Nola. I, II (Ratisbon, 1856) Lagr.\sge, nutoire de St. Paulin de Note (2nd ed., Paris. 1882) Lafo.n. Paulin de Note (Montauban, 1885); Batjmgartner, Ge- tchichle der WeUlileratur, IV (Freiburg, 1900), 143-51; Holt- ziNGER. Die Bafilika des Paulinus zu Nola in Zeifschrift fiir bil- dende Kunst. XX (Lei[)zig, 1885). 135-41; Augusti. Beilrdge zur chri-ttlichen Kunstgeschichte und lAturgik. I (Leipzig, 1841), 146- 79.

Klemens Lofpler.

Paulinus II, S.^^int, Patriarch of Aqdileia, b. at Preinariacco, nearCividale, Italy, about 730-40; d.S02. Born probably of a Roman family during Longobardic rule in Italy, he was brought up in the patriarchal schools at Cividale. After ordination he became mas- ter of the school. He acquired a thorough Latin culture, pagan and Christian. He had also a deep knowledge of jurisprudence, and extensive Scriptural, theological, and patristic training. This learning won him the favour of Charlemagne. After the destruction of the Kingdom of the Longobards in 774, Charles invited Paulinus to France in 776, to be royal master of "grammar". He assisted in restoring civihzation in the West.

In 777 Paulinus made his first acquaintance with Pctrus of Pisa, Alcuin, Arno, Albrico, Bona, Riculph, Raefgot, Rado, LuUus, Ba.ssinus, Fuldrad, Eginard, Arlalard, and .\delbert, the leading men of that age. His devotion to Charlemagne was rewarded by many favours, among them the gift of the property of Wal- dand, son of Mimo of Lavariano, with a diploma dated from Ivrea, and his appointment by Charles as Patri- arch of Aquileia in 787. Paulinus took a prominent

part in the import.ant matters of his day. In his rela- tions with the churches of Istria, or with the Patriarch of Grade), the representative of Byzantine interests, he showed the greatest prudence and pastoral zeal. Paulinus obtained diplomas for the free election of the future patriarchs, and other privileges for the Church of Aquileia, viz. the monastery of St. Mary in Organo, the church of St. Laurence of Buia, the hospitals of St. John at Cividale and St. Mary at Verona. He helped in preparing the new Christian legislation, and amongst the "Italic Capitularia" we find some canons of his synods.

In 792 he was present at the Council of Ratisbon, which condemned the heresy of Adoptionism taught, by lOliplKind and FeHx, Bishop of Urgel. In 794 he took a leading part in the national Synod of Frank- fort-on-the-Main, where Adoptionism was again con- demned, and wrote a book against it, which was sent to Spain in the name of the coimcil. Leaving Frank- fort Paulinus paid a visit to Cividale and accompanied Pepin against the Avars. At Salzburg he presided over a synod of bishops, in which were discussed the evangelization of the barbarians, and baptism, as we learn from letters of Charles, Alcuin, Arno, and Paulinus. Returning from the expedition the patriarch once more opposed the Adoptionists at the Synod of Cividale in 796. Paulinus expounded the Catholic doctrine about the Blessed Trinity, especially about the procession of the Holy Ghost from the leather and the Son. At this synod fourteen "canons" on eccle- siastical discipline, and on the sacrament of marriage, were framed and a copy of the Acts was sent to the emperor. Paulinus is said to have assisted at the Council of Altinum, but Hefele has proved that a council was never held there. In 798 he was "Missus Dominicus" of Charlemagne at Pistoia, with Arno and ten other bishops; and afterwards he went to Rome as imperial legate to the pope. The activity of Paulinus as metropolitan is clear from the "Sponsio Episcoporum ad S. Aquileiensem Sedem".

Among his works are; "Libellus Sacrosyllabus con- tra Elipandum"; "Libri III contra Felicem"; the protocol of the conference with Pepin and the bishops on the Danube, a work very important for the history of that expedition. Paulinus was also a poet, and we still possess some of his poetical productions: "Car- men de regula fidei"; the "rythmus" or elegy for the death of his friend, Duke Heric, killed in battle, 799; another rhythm on the destruction of Aquileia; eight rhythms or hymns to be sung in his own church for Christmas, the Purification, Lent, Easter, St. Mark, Sts. Peter and Paul, the dedication, and "Ver- sus de Lazaro ". He died revered as a saint. In MSS. prior to the Martyrology of Usuard his feast is re- corded on 11 Jan. In the calendars of saints of the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, used in the Church of Aquileia and Cividale, his feast has a special rubric. The first appearance of the name St. Paulinus in the Liturgy occurs in the "Litania" of Charles the Bald of the ninth century. It appears also in the "Litania^ Carolina'", in the "Litania" a S. Patribus constituta'", and finally in the "Litanix" of the Gertrudiaii MS. of the tenth century. Down to he sixteenth cent\iry the feast was celebrated on 11 Jan., during the privileged octave of the Epiphany. The patriarch Francesco Barbaro at the beginning of the seventeenth century translated the feast to 9 Feb. The Church of Cividale keeps his feast on 2 March. After several translations the relics of the saintly patriarch were laid to rest under the altar of the crypt of the basilica of Cividale del Friuli.

Acta SS.. Jan., I, 713-18; Alcuin, Letters and Poems in jAFrt. Bibl. Rer. German.. VI; Amelli, Paolo Diacono, Carlamagno e Paalino d' Aquileia (Monte Cassino. 1899); Bahr. Ceschtchte d. ROm. Lilleratur i. Karol. Zeitalter (Karlsruhe, 1840); Belloni, Patriarchi Aquikjesi in Muhatohi, Rer. Ital. Script.. XVI. i, 32; Brandileone, Note ad alcuni canoni (Cividale, 1900): Calisbe. San Paolino in Kit. Intern. (Sept., 1900) ; Carducci, La riaurre-