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 PATARA

541

PATEN

There are at present ten centres, which are situated as follows: — The Mission of Our Lady of Candelaria, at Cabo Pefia; the Mission of St. Agnes, at Cabo Santa Ines; the Mission of the Good Shepherd, and that of St. Raphael, on Dawson Island; the parish and Institute of Our Lady of Lujin, Gallegos, on the River Gallegos; the church and Institute of Our Lady Star of the Sea, at Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; the Institute of St. Joseph, at Punta Arenas, and the dependent parish of St. Francis de Sales at Porvenir; the parish and Institute of the Holy Cross, at Santa Cruz ; and the Church of Our Lady of Mercy, at Ushaia, Tierra del Fuego.

In both Northern and Southern Patagonia the entire religious and educational work is in the hands of the Salesian Congregation, and the Sisters of Mary Help of Christians. There is no other religious order at present in Patagonia, and no native missionaries. Many Indian youths have been received as students, but so far not one has been raised to the dignity of the priesthood.

The principal work of the Sisters of Mary Help of Christians is the care of children, especially during the winter time. In fact this is the only period of the year when the children can be instructed in the Cath- olic religion, as during the summer months they are away with their parents on their nomadic excursions. The children in the institutes, which are attached to nearly every one of the Salesian Missions, are fed, clothed, and taught by the nuns. A few of the girls have been admitted into the order, where they are working for their compatriots.

The Sodality of the Children of Man,', among the girls, the Guild of St. Aloysius, among the boys, and the Confraternity of the Sacred Heart among the adults, are in a flourishing condition. Slowly and steadily, as far as it can be done, the Catholic paro- chial system and life are being introduced and devel- oped among these poor and uncivilized natives.

Reid. Patagonian Antiquities: Pritch.ihd, Through the Heart of Patagonia (London, 1902) ; Darwin. Origin of Species (London, L8.S8), xi. xii; Idem. The Voyage of the Beagle (London, 1839 — ); Snow, A Two Years^ Cruise off. , . Patagonia; Musters, At Home with the Patagonians (London, 1873): Cunningham, Natu- ral History nf the Strait of Magellan (Edinburgh, 1878); Moreno, Viage d la Patagonia; LiSTA, Mis esploraciones. ,, en la Pata- gonia (Buenos .\yres, 1880); BovE. Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego; Onelli, a trovers les Andes; The Salesian Bulletin; Catalogue of the Salesian Congregation (1910). ErNEST MaRSH.

Fatara, titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra, formerly a large commercial town, opposite Rhodes. Founded perhaps by the Phoenicians, it received later a Dorian colony from Crete; a legend traces its found- ation to Patarus, son of Apollo. Renowned for its wealth, it was more so for its temple of Apollo where the oracles of the god were rendered during the winter.

Ptolemy Philadelphus extended it, naming it Arsinoe. On his third missionary journey St. Paul embarked from here for Tyre (Acts, xxi, 1-3). The " NotitisB Episcopatuum " menf ion it among the suffra- gans of Myra as late as the thirteenth century. Lc Quien (Orienschristianus, 1, 977) names seven bishops: St. Methodius, more probably Bishop of Olympus; Eu- demus, at Nica;a, 325; Eutychianus, at Seleucia, 359; Eudemus, at Constantinople, 381; Cyrinus, at Chalce- don, 451, signed the letter of the bishops of Lycia to Emperor Leo, 458; Licinius, at Constantinople, 536; Theodulus, at the Photian Council of Constan- tinople, 879. Its ruins are still visible near Djelemish, vilayet of Koniah; they consist of the remains of a theatre built by Antoninus Pius, public baths of the time of Vespasian, temples, and tombs. The port is choked with sand.

Smith. Dirt, of Creek and Roman Geog.,8.v.: Beaufort, Kara- mania, II, 6: Fellows, An account of Discoveries in Lycia (London, 1841), 222: .Spratt and Forbes, Travels in Lycia (London. 1847), I, 30, II, 189; Benndorf and Niemann, Reisen in Lykien und- Karien (Vienna. 1884), I. 114 aq., II, 118; Hill, Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Lycia, 25-27. g. P^TRIofcs.

Paten. — The eucharistic vessel known as the palen is a small shallow plate or disc of precious metal upon which the element of bread is offered to God at the Offertory of the Mass, and upon which the consecrated Host is again placed after the Fraction. The word paten comes from a Latin form patina or palena, evi- dently imitated from the Greek Trardi'i;. It seems from the beginning to have been used to denote a flat open vessel of the nature of a plate or dish. Such vessels in the first centuries were used in the service of the altar, and probably served to collect the offer- ings of bread made by the faithful and also to dis- tribute the consecrated fragments which, after the loaf had been broken by the celebrant, were brought down to the communicants, who in their own hands received each a portion from the palina. It should be noted, however, that Duchesne, arguing from the lan- guage of the earliest Orchnes Romani (q. v.), believes that at Rome white linen bags were used for this pur- pose (Duchesne, "Lib. Pont.", I,introduct., p. cxliv). We have, however, positive evidence that silver dishes were in use, which were called palinos ministe- riales, and which seem to be closely connected with the cnlices minisierialcs in which the consecrated wine was brought to the people. Some of these patincE, as we learn from the inventories of church plate in the "Liber Pontificalis" (I, pp. 202, 271 etc.), weighed twenty or thirty pounds and must have been of large size. In the earliest times the patens, like the chalices, were probably constructed of glass, wood, and copper, as well as of gold and silver; in fact the "Liber Ponti- ficalis" (I, 61 and 139) speaks of glass patens in its notice of Pope Zephyrinus (a. d. 198-217).

When towards the ninth century the zeal of the faithful regarding the frequent reception of Holy Communion very much declined, the system of conse- crating the bread offered by the faithful and of dis- tributing Communion from the patinm seems grad- ually to have changed, and the use of the large and proportionately deep palina ministeriales fell into abeyance. It was probably about the same time that the custom grew up for the priest himself to use a paten at the altar to contain the sacred Host, and obviate the danger of scattered particles after the Fraction. This paten, however, was of much smaller size and resembled those with which we are now familiar. Some rather doubtful specimens of the old ministerial patens are preserved in modern times. The best authenticated seems to be one discovered in Siberia in 1867 (see de Rossi in "Boll, di Archeol. Crist.", 1871, 153), but this measures less than seven inches in diameter. Another, of gold, of oblong form, was found at Gourdon. There is also what is believed to be a Byzantine paten of alabaster in the treasury of St. Mark's at Venice. Some of these patens are highly decorated, and this is what we should expect from the accounts preserved in the "Liber Pontifi- calis". In the altar patens of the medieval period we usually find a more marked central depression than is now customary. This well or depression is usually set round with ornamental lobes, seven, ten, or more in number. At the present day hardly any ornament is used or permitted.

The paten, like the bowl of the chalice, must be of gold or silver gilt, and it cannot be used before it has been consecrated with chrism by a bi.shop. The formula employed s[)e:iks of the vessel as blessed "for the administration of the Eucharist of Jesus Christ, that the Body of our Lord may be broken upon it", and also as "the new sepulchre of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ". In the Oriental liturgies there is placed upon the altar a vessel called the discus, analogous to the paten, but it is of considerably larger size.

IvRULLin Kbaus. Rcnhr. , • ■ '• ■ Christ. Alt.: de Fledrt. La Mcsse, IV (Paris, ISS. i I . <■. . ■nli the plate.** thereto be- longing, which supply tin I,, t .^ nl ilil,. eoUection of ilhistra- tiona; Otte, Ilandb, dcr l\inj,. Kwi.-t-Archdologic, 1 (Leipzig,