Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/597

 PASTORAL

539

PASTOUREAUX

when their nomination belongs to the bishop, he alone can remove them; in any case a reasonable cause is necessary, at least for the lawfulness of the act, and the assistant who believes that he has been wronged may have recourse to higher authorities, as mentioned above with regard to movable pastors. Their office, however, does not cease with the death of the priest or bishop who appointed them, unless this was clearly expressed in the letters of appointment. For the recent legislation regarding the removal of parish- priests, see P,\RisH, section II, 2.

Baaht, Legal Formulary (4th ed., New York), nn. 86-113; Bouix. De Parocho (3rd ed., Paris, 1SS9) ; Ferkaris, Biblio- theca Canonica etc. (Rome. 1885-99) ; Nardi, Dei Parrochi (Peaaro, 1829-60) ; Santi, Pra:lectiones juris canonici (New York, 1905); Scherer. Handbuch des Kirchenrechts (Graz. 1886), xcii- iii; Smith, Elements of Ecclesiastical Law, I (9th ed., New York, 1893), nn. 639-70; Wbrnz, Jus Decretalium (Rome, 1899), tit. xxxix; Raymundi Antonii Episcopi, Instructio Pastoralis (5th ed., Freiburg, 1902) ; Aichner, Compendium juris eccl. (6th ed., Brixen, 1887), 426^1; Cronin, The New Matrimonial Legislation (Rome, 1908). HecTOB Papi.

Pastoral Letters. See Letters, Ecclesiastical. Pastoral Staff. See Crosier. Pastoral Theology. See Theology.

Pastoureaux, Crusade of the, one of the most curious ( >f t he • I II ipular movements inspired by adesire to deliver tlie Holy Land. St. Louis, King of France, had gone on the Crusade (1248), leaving the regency to his mother, Blanche of Castile. Defeated at the battle of Mansourah (8 Feb., 12.50) and taken prisoner, he re- gained his freedom by surrendering Damietta, em- barked for Saint-Jean il'Acre, and sent his brothers to France to obtain relief. But Blanche of Castile en- deavoured in vain to send him reinforcements, neither nobles nor clergy showing good will in this respect. At this juncture the shepherds and labourers rose up, an- nouncing that they would go to the king's rescue. About Easter (16 April), 12.51, a mysterious person whose real name is unknown but who was soon called the "Master of Hungary", began to preach the Cru- sade in the name of the Blessed Virgin to the shepherds in the north of France. He was sixty years of age and aroused wonder by his long beard, his thin face, and his always-closed hand, which held, it was said, the map given to him by the Blessed Virgin. He drew crowds by his eloquence, and distributed the Cross among them without authorization from the Church.

The movement spread rapidly — from Picardy to Flanders, then to Brabant, Hainault, Lorraine, and Burgundy. Soon an army of 30,000 men was formed, carrying a banner on which was depicted the Blessed Virgin appearing to the Master of Hungary. The movement was equally successful in the towns, and the citizens of Amiens furnished provisions to the army. However the Pastoureaux soon showed them- selves hostile to the clergy, especially to the Friars Preachers, whom they accused of having induced St. Louis to go to Palestine. Moreover, a host of idlers, robbers, cut-throats, and fallen women joined their ranks, and thenceforth with growing audacity they slew clerics and preached against the bishops and even the pope. Blanche of Castile seems to have imagined that she could send the Pastoureaux to the relief of St. Louis, and summoning the master to her she ques- tioned him and dismissed him with gifts.

Emboldened by this reception the Pastoureaux en- tered Paris, and the grand-master, wearing a mitre, preached from the pulpit of St. Eustache. Clerics and monks were hunted, slain, and thrown into the Seine, the Bishop of Paris was insulted, and the Uni- versity of Paris was compelled in its own defence to close the Petit-Pont between the Cit6 and the left bank of the Seine. The Pastovireaux then left Paris and divided into several armies which spread terror everywhere, ki Rouen the archbishop and his clergy were expelled from the cathedral (4 June, 1251). At

Orleans a large number of university clerics were killed and thrown into the Loire (11 June). At Tours the Pastoureaux took by storm the convent of the Dominicans and desecrated the churches. The credulous populace regarded them as saints and brought them the sick to be cured. At last Blanche of Castile realized that she had been mistaken and com- manded the royal officers to arrest and destroy them. When they reached Bourges the clerics and priests had fled, whereupon they seized the possessions of the Jews, sacked the synagogues, and pillaged the city. An attempt was made to imprison them, but they broke down the gates. A troop of citizens pursued and halted them near Villeneuve-sur-Cher. The Mas- ter of Hungary was slain, together with a large num- ber of his followers. Some reached the valley of the Rhone and even Marseilles; others went to Bordeaux, whence they were driven by Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester and Governor of Guienne in the name of the King of England, who caused their leader to be thrown into the Gironde.

Another leader went to England and assembled some shepherds who, learning that the Pastoureaux were excommunicated, killed him. Henry II ordered the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports to take measures to prevent their invasion of his king- dom. Some of them submitted, and after having re- ceived the Cross at the hands of clerics set out for the Holy Land. Ecclesiastical chroniclers assert that the Pastoureaux had concluded with the sultan a secret treaty to subject Christianity to Mohammedanism. "It is said that they have resolved first to exterminate the clergy from the face of the earth, then to suppress the religious, and finally to fall upon the knights and nobles in order that the country thus deprived of de- fence may more easily be delivered up to the errors and incursions of the pagans" (Letter from the Guar- dian of the Paris Friars Minor to his brethren at Ox- ford; Chartularium Univ. Parisiensis, Paris, 1889, I, 225). This is obviously a fable, but as a matter of fact tliis popular movement, sincere and somewhat mysti- cal in origin, soon acquired an anarchistic character.

The same is true of the second movement of the Pastoureaux in 1320 during the reign of Philip V. In the north of France a suspended priest and unfrocked monk preached the Crusade to a band of peasants, thundering against the indifference of the king and the nobles with regard to the deliverance of Palestine. As in 1251, the ignorant mystics were soon joined by ruf- fians of every description whose object was to profit by their simplicity. Clad in rags and armed with sticks and knives they marched on Paris, liberated the pris- oners in the Chdtelet, and defied the king, who merely intrenched himself in the palace of the Cite and in the Louvre. From Paris they went to Berry, thence to Saintonge and Aquitaine to the number of 40,000, pil- laging as they went. At Verdun-sur-Garonne five hundred Jews imprisoned in a dungeon strangled one another so as not to fall into their hands. They were often aided by the people of the cities and even the mid- dle-class citizens applauded the massacre of the Jews. In reply to the papal excommunication they marched to Avignon, and then resolved to embark like St. Louis at Aigues-Moretes. But the Scnescliul of Carcassonne assembled his men at arms, closr<l the gates of the city against them, and drove them into the neighbouring marshes, where hunger dispersed them. The soldiers then organized hunting parties which resulted in the hanging of thousands of the Pastoureaux, but for a long time a number of their bands continued to lay waste the south of France.

Chroniques de St. Denis in Hist, de Pr., XXI, 1 15 sq.; Bergbr, Hist, de Blanche de Caslille (Paris. 1895), 392-402; Bemont, Simon de Montfort. Vomtp dc Leicester (Paris, 1884); Rohricht, Die Pa.itorellen in Zril. fllr Kirchengesch. (1884), 290-96; ViDAL, V^mmte des Pa^lonreauT en l^£0 in Annates de St. Louis des Frarifai-i (1899), 121-74; Lehuqueur, Hist, de Philippe le Long (Paris, 1897), 417-21. LoDIS BllfiHIER.